Diphtheria

Sharma, Neetu; Efstratiou, Androulla; Mokrousov, Igor; Mutreja, Ankur; Das, Bhabatosh; Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan

doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0131-y

Cited by 165 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 222 publications

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“…Treatment is based on the administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotherapy. The global incidence of diphtheria in industrialized countries decreased rapidly with the introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine after World War II, but it still remains a public health problem (endemic) in many developing countries [38].…”

Section: Diphtheriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 c) [ 37 ]. Typical diphtheritic polyneuropathy begins with soft palate paresis, paresthesia and paresis of the extremities of the upper limbs (then the lower limbs), the main differential diagnosis being the pharyngocervicobrachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome [ 38 ]. Treatment is based on the administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotherapy.…”

Section: The Infectious Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes

et al. 2020

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Section: Diphtheriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Infectious Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes

et al. 2020

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“…Although they only share limited homology with DT, PE and cholix have a similar enzymatic mechanism, and all specifically target the diphthamide of eEF2 [ 1 ]. Both DT and PE are potent virulence factors prominently involved in the pathophysiology resulting from the associated bacterial infections [ 46 , 47 ]. Although the role of cholix in human diseases caused by non-pandemic strains of V. cholerae has not been directly established, the prevalence of toxigenic strains in clinical samples and the effect of the toxin in animal models suggest it is involved in gastrointestinal infection [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal Structure of Exotoxin A from Aeromonas Pathogenic Species

Masuyer

2020

Toxins

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Aeromonas exotoxin A (AE) is a bacterial virulence factor recently discovered in a clinical case of necrotising fasciitis caused by the flesh-eating Aeromonas hydrophila. Here, database mining shows that AE is present in the genome of several emerging Aeromonas pathogenic species. The X-ray crystal structure of AE was solved at 2.3 Å and presents all the hallmarks common to diphthamide-specific mono-ADP-ribosylating toxins, suggesting AE is a fourth member of this family alongside the diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A and cholix. Structural homology indicates AE may use a similar mechanism of cytotoxicity that targets eukaryotic elongation factor 2 and thus inhibition of protein synthesis. The structure of AE also highlights unique features including a metal binding site, and a negatively charged cleft that could play a role in interdomain interactions and may affect toxicity. This study raises new opportunities to engineer alternative toxin-based molecules with pharmaceutical potential.

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“…While not common in frontline clinical microbiology laboratories, toxigenic assays are routinely performed at the reference laboratory level. They include immunodiffusion (e.g., the Elek test), EIAs, agglutination assays, and, importantly, PCR to detect the tox gene [ 40 ]. RT-PCR assays that target rpoB and tox allow rapid species level differentiation, as well as identification of toxigenic versus non-toxigenic strains [ 41 ].…”

Section: Toxin Detection In Infrequently Isolated Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinically Important Toxins in Bacterial Infection: Utility of Laboratory Detection

Forbes

2020

Clinical Microbiology Newsletter

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The elaboration of proteins that damage host cells is fundamental to the pathogenesis of many bacterial pathogens. The clinical significance of many bacterial toxins is well recognized, and routine detection is necessary to confirm definitive diagnosis for some types of infectious diseases. Determining the clinical significance of a toxin involves many factors, including the toxin's prevalence, virulence, and role in disease pathogenesis. While essential from a diagnostic perspective, toxin detection has the potential to be important for patient management decision making, as well as infection prevention and control measures. This review focuses on the history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of infections associated with well-defined, clinically important toxins (such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli ), as well as those that are less well defined (such as Staphylococcus aureus' Panton-Valentine leukocidin) where detection may yield clinically important information.

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Diphtheria

Cited by 165 publications

References 222 publications

Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes

Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes

Crystal Structure of Exotoxin A from Aeromonas Pathogenic Species

Clinically Important Toxins in Bacterial Infection: Utility of Laboratory Detection

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