Diplômés chômeurs au Maroc : dynamiques de pérennisation d’une action collective plurielle

Participación política y cívica de los jóvenes en África del norte: prácticas, discursos y opiniones

“…Furthermore, the national youth policy was never completed due to the turnover of ministers, who re-examined and modified it every time they were appointed. In Morocco, like in Tunisia, graduate unemployment became a structural problem, producing demonstrations against growing job insecurity and a lack of prospects (Badimon Emperador, 2007). One of the demands REIM Nº 26 (junio 2019) ISSN: 1887-4460 5 that stood out was that of the right to access a public job, reminiscent of the utopian promise of the days after independence, which has become the symbol of the failure of successive governments to achieve social and professional insertion for young people.…”

“…The combined result of these three trends is the appearance of a feeling of frustration shared by educational personnel, parents, and students, which is expressed in different ways. In the case of young unemployed graduates, what stands out is their capacity to form a lasting protest group that has persisted in its demands for two decades (Badimon Emperador, 2007;Antonakis-Nashif, 2016;Hadj-Moussa, 2017). Further, the symbolic reach of their protests, which occur more and more frequently and are directed towards gaining work in the public sector, remind us that those affected increasingly accuse the state of being responsible for the situation.…”

“…Apart from the above-mentioned studies, there are other studies of a sociology of Maghrebi youth as a driver and agent of social change subjected to great difficulties in terms of integration and social and professional promotion emerged during the first 10 years of the 21st century(Bennani-Chraibi and Farag, 2007;Zerhouni, 2009;Mahfoud- Draoui and Melitti, 2006;Hegasy, 2007;Badimon Emperador, 2007; Desrues and Moreno Nieto, 2009;Herrera and Bayat, 2010).…”

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“…However, research investigating the implications of neoliberal policies in the Middle East has shown the negative impact of these measures on the socio-economic condition of the population, especially regarding the rural-urban relationship, youth unemployment, and job insecurity (Zemni, Bogaert 2011;El-Said, Harrigan 2014;Kreitmeyr 2018;Cohen 2004). Over the decades, such changes brought wide resentment among the population and they eventually laid the groundwork of a series of popular protest movements and organisations, such as the Association Nationale des Diplômés chômeurs du Maroc (ANDCM) (Montserrat 2007), founded in 1991, and more recently, the 20FM, inspired by the demonstrations in the Arab region in 2011 (Paciello 2019). By the end of the 1980s, following the fall of the Soviet bloc and similarly to other leftist parties in other countries, the two major socialist forces of Morocco began to experience an ideological and leadership crisis.…”