Diprosopus, craniorachischisis, arthrogryposis, and other associated anomalies in a stillborn lamb

Abstract

Congenital malformations with multiple anomalies have been described infrequently in the veterinary literature. A stillborn male crossbred lamb with diprosopus, craniorachischisis, and arthrogryposis was examined macroscopically and histopathologically in this study. The left head was smaller than the right head. Micrencephaly, agnathia, and a rudimentary tongue, which was adherent to the palate, were present in the left head. Micrencephaly, brachygnathia superior, and cleft palate were present in the right head. Cerebellar agenesis and spinal cord hypoplasia were observed. The cerebrums and the spinal cord were covered with a tapering membranous structure. Neural and dermal tissues were noted to intervene upon microscopic examination of this structure. Disorganization of neurons was observed in both cerebrums, though it was more severe in the left one. This case demonstrates many congenital defects occurring together in a lamb.

Lethal genetic disorder in Poll Merino/Merino sheep in Australia

“…15 Further, a recent single case of a stillborn male lamb showing microencephaly, brachygnathia, cleft palate, and disorganised neurons was observed in Turkey. 16 Most of the individual pathological lesions observed in BCRHS have been previously described in the literature. Using a data set gleaned from the literature and from their Friesian sheep breeding experiment, Kerkmann et al reported the incidence of non-lethal brachygnathia in different sheep breeds, 17 but their data did not support single-gene inheritance.…”

“…A congenital disorder occurring with various combinations of brachygnathia inferior, campylognathia, tetramelic arthrogryposis, kyphoscoliosis, hydranencephaly and hypoplasia of the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord has been reported in a single flock of Corriedale sheep 15 . Further, a recent single case of a stillborn male lamb showing microencephaly, brachygnathia, cleft palate, and disorganised neurons was observed in Turkey 16 …”

Bir Kuzuda Nadir Rastlanan Diprosopus, Tetraophthalmus ve Meningoensefalosel Olgusu

“…Finally, genetic defects are pathological or pathophysiological results caused by mutant genes or chromosomal aberrations 4,5 , the most known of which result from recessive genes 6 , and are recognized only when they occur in characteristic intragenerational familial frequencies and intergenerational patterns 4 . Except for later-differentiating structures such as the cerebellum, palate and urogenital system, the fetus becomes increasingly resistant to teratogenic agents as it ages 1,3 .…”

“…The majority of human and animal malformations are because of a multifactorial aetiology 2 . Congenital defects are caused by genetic or environmental factors (infectious diseases, viruses, drugs, poisonings, plants, mineral salts and vitamin (A, D, E) deficiency, hormonal factors and physical reasons) or by their interactions [3][4][5] . These factors cause oocyte structure, maturations and organogenesis alterations probably as a result of some metabolic or circulatory disturbances, on the basis of a not well İleti şim (Correspondence) +90 224 2940823 deniznak@gmail.com series of slight duplication to almost separated individuals and occur extremely rarely in horses, occasionally in dogs and cats, and uncommonly in cattle, pigs and sheep 7,8 .…”

Observations of brachygnathia superior (underbite) in wild ruminates in Western Montana, USA

“…Since 1995, we have observed an unprecedented increase in the prevalence of brachygnathia superior in multiple vertebrate species in Ravalli County (RC) and throughout Montana, in the northwestern USA. Brachygnathia superior is also referred to as mandibular prognathism or underbite [1][2][3], although the first term is considered most correct [4,5]. Mandibular brachygnathia, which is also known as brachygnathia inferior and commonly called parrot mouth or overbite, is characterized by failure of the anterior of the lower jaw forward of the premolars to grow to normal length.…”