Aminophosphonic (and aminophosphinic) acids occupy a prominent position in the understanding of bioprocesses in living organisms and in the construction of new bioregulators -pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The so-called phosphorus analogs of the amino acids, aminophosphonic and aminophosphinic acids, are amino acid mimetics in which the carboxylic group is substituted by a phosphonic acid residue P(O)(OH) 2 or phosphinic acid group P(O)(OH)R. The replacement of the carboxylic group by a phosphonic or related moiety results in a number of important consequences: the central atom of a phosphonic acid function consists of an additional substituent that has a tetrahedral configuration in contrast to the planar carbonyl atom of carboxylic group. There are also significant differences in the acidity and steric bulk of these residues. The tetrahedral configuration of the pentavalent phosphorus atom mimics the transition state of the peptide bond cleavage reaction in some enzyme-substrate interactions that is used in the synthesis of new inhibitors. The hydrolytic stability of CÀP bonds is often used in order to prepare stable analogs of bioactive phosphates OÀP(O)(OH) 2 . In addition, aminophosphonic acids and their derivatives are important as metal-complexing agents, which have diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and as industrial chemicals in water treatment, metal extraction, or pollution control.Synthesis, and the chemical, physical, and biological properties of aminophosphonic acids and some directions for their practical application are presented in a number of reviews and book chapters. The most comprehensive account of the chemistry and biology of aminophosphonates and aminophosphinate which covers literature up to 2000 is presented in Kukhar and Hudson ([1] and references therein). Readers are referred to this reference for more detailed information concerning specific aspects of the chemistry and biological activity of aminophosphonic acid derivatives. The purpose of this chapter is to give an updated report on aminophosphonic acids as analogs of amino acids. Numerous heterocyclic compounds that contain both phosphonic and amino groups will not be covered in this report.