“…Many tracking control methods have been proposed, such as PID control [1], computed-torque control [2], decentralized control [3], feedback linearization (otherwise known as inverse dynamics control) [4], adaptive control [5], intelligent control (fuzzy control [6], neural-network control [7]), optimal control [8], H ∞ control, [9] iterative learning control [10], model predictive control [11], passive-based control [12], adaptive neural network control [13,14], robust control [15], and sliding-mode control (SMC) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Among the methods, SMC has attracted significant interest due to its computational simplicity for implementation, high robustness to external disturbances, low sensitivity to parameter variations, and fast dynamic response.…”