Direct analysis of intact glycidyl fatty acid esters in edible oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Steenbergen, Herrald; Hrnčiřík, Karel; Ermacora, Alessia; Koning, Sjaak de; Janssen, Hans‐Gerd

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.056

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Much higher concentrations of GEs in palm oil were reported by Steenbergen et al They found an average C16:0‐GE concentration of 9.82 mg kg −1 . The C18:0‐GE level was lower (2.53 mg kg −1 ) and the C18:1‐GE level much higher (12.7 mg kg −1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Monitoring of glycidyl fatty acid esters in refined vegetable oils from retail outlets by LC-MS

Aniołowska

Kita

2016

J. Sci. Food Agric.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Monitoring of glycidyl fatty acid esters in refined vegetable oils from retail outlets by LC-MS

Aniołowska

Kita

2016

J. Sci. Food Agric.

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“…A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 Ermacora and Hrncirik 2013). Temperature and duration are critical factors of alkaline transesterification, since 3-MCPD is instable and a conversion into glycidol was observed (Kuhlmann 2011;Hrncirik et al 2011).…”

Section: Food Additives and Contaminants: Part Amentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The esters are detected by means of LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, LCToF-MS, GC-MS or LC-high-resolution-MS (Moravcova et al 2012;MacMahon et al 2013b andDubois et al 2011;Haines et al 2011). For glycidyl-esters different direct methods were developed (Dubois et al 2011;Haines et al 2011;Becalski et al 2012;Steenbergen et al 2013) and one direct LC-MS method developed by Masukawa et al (2011) and Shiro et al (2011) was validated in a collaborative trial and adopted by the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) (Blumhorst et al 2013;AOAC 2012). The esterification of different fatty acids with MCPD leads to a large number of possible MCPD fatty acid esters.…”

Section: Food Additives and Contaminants: Part Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidol in infant formula

Wöhrlin

Fry

Lahrssen‐Wiederholt

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The discovery of fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidol generated during the refinement process in vegetable fats and oils caused concerns about possible adverse health effects. As these fats are components of infant formula, the current investigation of the MCPD and glycidyl ester contents in infant formula was necessary to update the data for risk assessment purposes. For the analysis of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula, an existing method for fats and oils had to be modified and validated. The fat fraction containing MCPD and glycidyl esters was extracted from infant formula by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extracted fat was then analysed according to an established method for fats and oils. Glycidyl esters are converted to monobrompropanediol (3-MBPD) esters, MCPD and 3-MBPD esters hydrolysed subsequently and after derivatisation detected by GC-MS. Seven different products of infant formula, covering two types and five lots each, altogether 70 samples, were bought in retail markets and analysed. In all samples, 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters could be detected. Both 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters' concentration levels were found to be lower in comparison with earlier investigations described in the literature. The occurrence of 2-MCPD esters in infant formula was investigated for the first time and revealed concentrations about half of 3-MCPD ester concentrations.

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“…Several methods for the routine analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in bulk oils and fats are currently available (American Oil Chemists' Society 2010; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft 2010; Kuhlmann 2011; Ermacora & Hrncirik 2012MacMahon, Mazzola, et al 2013;Steenbergen et al 2013). On the other hand, no standard method for the analysis of these contaminants in food products has been adopted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oil-based foodstuffs

Ermacora

Hrnčiřík

2014

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Substantial progress has been recently made in the development and optimisation of analytical methods for the quantification of 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in oils and fats, and there are a few methods currently available that allow a reliable quantification of these contaminants in bulk oils and fats. On the other hand, no standard method for the analysis of foodstuffs has yet been established. The aim of this study was the development and validation of a new method for the simultaneous quantification of 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in oil-based food products. The developed protocol includes a first step of liquid-liquid extraction and purification of the lipophilic substances of the sample, followed by the application of a previously developed procedure based on acid transesterification, for the indirect quantification of these contaminants in oils and fats. The method validation was carried out on food products (fat-based spreads, creams, margarine, mayonnaise) manufactured in-house, in order to control the manufacturing process and account for any food matrix-analyte interactions (the sample spiking was carried out on the single components used for the formulations rather than the final products). The method showed good accuracy (the recoveries ranged from 97% to 106% for bound 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD and from 88% to 115% for bound glycidol) and sensitivity (the LOD was 0.04 and 0.05 mg kg(-1) for bound MCPD and glycidol, respectively). Repeatability and reproducibility were satisfactory (RSD below 2% and 5%, respectively) for all analytes. The levels of salts and surface-active compounds in the formulation were found to have no impact on the accuracy and the other parameters of the method.

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Direct analysis of intact glycidyl fatty acid esters in edible oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Monitoring of glycidyl fatty acid esters in refined vegetable oils from retail outlets by LC-MS

Monitoring of glycidyl fatty acid esters in refined vegetable oils from retail outlets by LC-MS

Occurrence of fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidol in infant formula

Development of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oil-based foodstuffs

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