Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube

Rodriguez‐Morales, Fernando; Zannoni, R.; Nicholson, J.; Fischetti, Massimo V.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Appenzeller, Joerg

doi:10.1063/1.2337863

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Due to the small diameter of carbon nanotubes, the junction capacitance can be significantly smaller than for normal Schottky detectors, which could push the detection frequency cutoff to beyond 30 THz. 6,7 Besides bolometric detectors, other microwave applications of CNTs such as mixers, 8 microwave field-effect transistors, 9 and direct and heterodyne detectors 10 have been realized. The NEP obtained in our work is better than what has been achieved with other direct detector device at an operating temperature of 4.2 K ͑see Ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube bolometers

Tarasov

Svensson

Kuzmin

et al. 2007

Applied Physics Letters

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A cryogenic bolometer has been fabricated using a bundle of single-walled carbon nanotubes as absorber. A bolometric response was observed when the device was exposed to radiation at 110GHz. The temperature response was 0.4mV∕K, with an intrinsic electrical responsivity at low frequency up to 109V∕W and noise equivalent power of 3×10−16W∕Hz1∕2 at 4.2K. The response is largest at input power levels of a few femtowatts and decreases inversely proportional to the input power. Low frequency noise shows a 1∕f dependence.

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confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube bolometers

Tarasov

Svensson

Kuzmin

et al. 2007

Applied Physics Letters

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“…In principle, an offsetvoltage can be generated by rectification of the microwave field by the non-linearity of the carbon nanotube currentvoltage characteristic. 3,19 However, given the measured nonlinearity, we estimate that an AC voltage of more than 12 mV is needed to obtain results on the order of the observed effect. This corresponds to an incoming microwave power of about 90 nW, given the microwave impedance of the system of 12.5 kΩ and irradiation from free space.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microwave-induced nonequilibrium temperature in a suspended carbon nanotube

Hortensius

Öztürk

Zeng

et al. 2012

Applied Physics Letters

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Antenna-coupled suspended single carbon nanotubes exposed to 108 GHz microwave radiation are shown to be selectively heated with respect to their metal contacts. This leads to an increase in the conductance as well as to the development of a power-dependent DC voltage. The increased conductance stems from the temperature dependence of tunneling into a one-dimensional electron system. The DC voltage is interpreted as a thermovoltage, due to the increased temperature of the electron liquid compared to the equilibrium temperature in the leads.The temperature response of carbon nanotubes exposed to microwave and terahertz radiation is of great interest both from a practical and a fundamental point of view. One of the many potential applications of carbon nanotubes lies in their response to far-infrared radiation. The bolometric response of either bundles or films of carbon nanotubes has been shown in the far-to mid-infrared range. 1,2 Recently the bolometric and rectifying response of a single carbon nanotube was studied at 77 K and at 4.2 K. 3 Also, detectors based on thermoelectric properties of suspended films of carbon nanotubes have been proposed for the terahertz range and have been demonstrated to work at optical frequencies. 4 The unique one-dimensional electronic states of carbon nanotubes play an important role in the description of their DC electrical response. 5 Due to the strong interactions between the electrons, the response is a collective effect of the entire electron system, as expressed in the Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid theory. 6 In this theory, these interactions induce a reduced tunneling density of states around the Fermi energy, which leads to a power-law scaling of the conductance with bias voltage and temperature. [7][8][9][10] In studying transport through a carbon nanotube, an important consideration is the energy relaxation. In recent experimental work, indications of weak energy relaxation were reported. 11 In subsequent theoretical work, the intrinsic relation between weak energy relaxation and one-dimensional physics was emphasized. 12,13 It is to be expected that the conductivity of a carbon nanotube will also depend on this weak energy relaxation, when exposed to radiation.In previous work, carbon nanotubes in direct contact with a substrate were studied. This contact leads to interaction with charges in surface dielectrics, an increase in the scattering probability, and phonon-exchange with the substrate. 14-16 In order to avoid these potential complications and increase the thermal response, we have developed suspended carbon nanotubes in broadband antennas. We describe the realization of these suspended carbon nanotubes and their response to 108 GHz radiation. Two main effects are observed and analyzed: the

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“…Basic mixing and demodulation have been demonstrated with carbon based devices using both resonating [17,18] and non-resonating [19,20] configurations. However, low quality (Q-) factor, ultra-high vacuum and low temperature operation impose limitations.…”

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confidence: 99%

A single active nanoelectromechanical tuning fork front-end radio-frequency receiver

2012

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Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) offer the potential to revolutionize fundamental methods employed for signal processing in today's telecommunication systems, owing to their spectral purity and the prospect of integration with existing technology. In this work we present a novel, front-end receiver topology based on a single device silicon nanoelectromechanical mixer-filter. The operation is demonstrated by using the signal amplification in a field effect transistor (FET) merged into a tuning fork resonator. The combination of both a transistor and a mechanical element into a hybrid unit enables on-chip functionality and performance previously unachievable in silicon. Signal mixing, filtering and demodulation are experimentally demonstrated at very high frequencies (>100 MHz), maintaining a high quality factor of Q = 800 and stable operation at near ambient pressure (0.1 atm) and room temperature (T = 300 K). The results show that, ultimately miniaturized, silicon NEMS can be utilized to realize multi-band, single-chip receiver systems based on NEMS mixer-filter arrays with reduced system complexity and power consumption.

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Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube

Cited by 23 publications

References 21 publications

Carbon nanotube bolometers

Carbon nanotube bolometers

Microwave-induced nonequilibrium temperature in a suspended carbon nanotube

A single active nanoelectromechanical tuning fork front-end radio-frequency receiver

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