Direct comparison of the flame inhibition efficiency of transition metals using metallocenes

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThis study aimed to directly and systematically compare the flame inhibition abilities of various transition metals, including vanadium, ruthenium, osmium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel, by using the corresponding metallocenes: vanadocene, ruthenocene, osmocene, chromocene, manganocene, ferrocene, cobaltocene, and nickelocene. The downward flame spread rates over filter paper samples on which each metallocene was adsorbed were measured. In addition, thermogravimetric measurements were carried out to finally determine the phase in which each metallocene produced its flame inhibition effect. The results indicated that all these metallocenes, with the exception of vanadocene, exhibit a flame inhibition effect solely in the gas phase, whereas vanadocene shows fire suppression ability in the solid phase. This work also found that, in terms of their fire suppression abilities, the transition metals can be ranked in the following order: Cr4Mn4 Fe4 Co4 Ni 4(V 4)Os4 Ru.

Extinguishing pool fires with aqueous ferrocene dispersions containing gemini surfactants

“…Of the transition metal compounds, commercially available ferrocene (FeCp2) shown in Fig. 1a is expected to become a new flame inhibitor, based on recent studies (Koshiba et al, 2015a). Linteris et al (2000) first reported that 200-ppm ferrocene vapor significantly reduces the burning velocity of premixed methane/air flames.…”

Flame inhibition by calcium compounds: Effects of calcium compounds on downward flame spread over solid cellulosic fuel

“…As will be noted later, all four variables were kept constant. Hence, the filterpaper combustion experiments allowed us to directly chemically compare the flame inhibition efficiency among the calcium compounds [22].…”

Preparation and performance of waterborne polyurethane coatings based on the synergistic flame retardant of ferrocene, phosphorus and nitrogen

“…Since iron ions have various oxidation states and can form hydroxides/oxides with water/oxygen in the air during combustion. The resulting iron‐bearing intermediates can eliminate the free radicals produced in the combustion process to terminate the chain reaction 28 . On the other hand, in the early stage of smoke production, some iron oxides deposit on the surface of substrates to form condensation nuclei, reducing the smoke generation rate.…”