Direct Cost of Medical Management of Epilepsy among Adults in Italy: A Prospective Cost‐of‐Illness Study (EPICOS)

Beghi, Ettore; Garattini, Livio; Ricci, Elena; Cornago, Dante; Parazzini, Fabio

doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.14103.x

Cited by 62 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Direct medical costs due to epilepsy were in average €1010 per patient over the three‐months observation period. Medication more than hospital admissions contributed to the direct costs confirming recent studies from Italy (Tetto et al, 2002; Beghi et al, 2004). The medication costs found in the present study (mean €600) exceeded the ones recorded in a retrospective German evaluation from 1994 (mean €220) (Dodel et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Direct and Indirect Costs of Refractory Epilepsy in a Tertiary Epilepsy Center in Germany

et al. 2006

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Summary:Purpose: There are only few studies on the costs of epilepsy in Germany. Therefore, we performed a pilot study to estimate the direct and indirect costs of refractory epilepsy in a German epilepsy center.Methods: A "prevalence-based," cross-sectional convenience sample of adults with active epilepsy attending the outpatient clinic of our tertiary epilepsy center was evaluated. Seizure-free patients and patients presenting with their first seizure were excluded. Direct and indirect costs were prospectively recorded over a three-month period using questionnaires and a patient diary. Cost driving factors were identified.Results: One hundred one patients were included (40.7 ± 15.2 years; disease duration: 18.1 ± 15.3 years; 6 patients had focal epilepsy with simple partial seizures only, 28 with complex partial seizures, 43 with secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures; 20 had idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures). The total costs of epilepsy per patient were in average € 2610 ± 4200 over the three-month period. Direct cost contributed 39% to the total costs. Costs of anticonvulsant medication were the main contributor to the direct costs while indirect costs were caused mainly by losses due to early retirement. Cost driving factors included higher seizure frequency, longer disease duration, ictal falls, and situationally inappropriate complex behavior during or after the seizure.Conclusions: Indirect costs were higher than direct costs in adult patients with active epilepsy attending a German epilepsy center. Medication contributed the most to the direct costs and early retirement was the main factor for the indirect costs. The costs of poorly controlled epilepsy in this German study were above average of the European costs of epilepsy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Direct and Indirect Costs of Refractory Epilepsy in a Tertiary Epilepsy Center in Germany

et al. 2006

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“…In the further clinical course the majority of patients require an anticonvulsant treatment for an extended period of time and up to 30% of patients are refractory to medical treatment [1]. Economic evaluations are particularly important in patients with newly diagnosed and active epilepsy as they account for a high proportion of total costs [2][3][4][5]. Given the growing resource utilization and limited amount of healthcare resources, it has become essential to gather reliable cost estimates as a scientific basis for resource allocation and health policy decision making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of costs of epilepsy using an electronic practice management software in Germany

Noda

Hermsen

Berkenfeld³

et al. 2015

Seizure

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“…Estimation of the economic burden of epilepsy is of pivotal relevance to enable a rational distribution of healthcare resources. Socioeconomic impacts of epilepsy and the treatment options have been studied intensively in many economically advanced countries (three studies each for the United Kingdom and Italy, one study each for Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, France, and the European Union, and four studies for the United States) (Cockerell et al., 1994; Berto et al., 2000; Guerrini et al., 2001; Tetto et al., 2002; Beghi et al., 2004; Kozyrskyj & Prasad, 2004; Penberthy et al., 2005; Hamer et al., 2006; Pugliatti et al., 2007; Strzelczyk et al., 2008). Developing countries carry 90% of the financial burden of epilepsy, as 85% of world’s 50 million people with epilepsy live in developing countries (De Boer, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic burden of epilepsy in a developing country: A retrospective cost analysis in China

Zhao

et al. 2009

Epilepsia

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SUMMARYPurpose: To study the cost of epilepsy in China, and, therefore, provide essential information on the burden of the disease to individuals and society. Methods: A cost-of-illness study was performed on a retrospective cohort of medically treated patients. Data on clinical characteristics, utilization of sources, and costs were collected from 289 patients in a standardized format. Results: Direct medical care costs was Chinese yuan, renminbi (RMB) 2,529 (USD 372) per year per patient, of which antiepileptic drugs (RMB 1,651 or USD 243) accounted for the major cost component. Nonmedical direct costs were much less than direct health care costs, averaging approximately RMB 756 (USD 111). Costs due to loss of productivity averaged approximately RMB 1,968 (USD 289) per patient per year. Taken together, the overall mean annual cost for epilepsy per patient in our series was approximately RMB 5,253 (USD 773), and these costs accounted for more than half of the mean annual income. Total cost was significantly associated with disease severity and different responses to drug treatment. In addition, new antiepileptic drugs and the number of drugs taken were closely related with the drug cost. Conclusion: The results indicate that the economic burden of epilepsy to both Chinese patients and the nation is heavy, and the composition proportions of the costs in China have many similar features and some noteworthy differences with that of other countries.

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Direct Cost of Medical Management of Epilepsy among Adults in Italy: A Prospective Cost‐of‐Illness Study (EPICOS)

Cited by 62 publications

References 22 publications

Direct and Indirect Costs of Refractory Epilepsy in a Tertiary Epilepsy Center in Germany

Direct and Indirect Costs of Refractory Epilepsy in a Tertiary Epilepsy Center in Germany

Evaluation of costs of epilepsy using an electronic practice management software in Germany

Economic burden of epilepsy in a developing country: A retrospective cost analysis in China

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