Direct determination of the mass of<sup>28</sup>Si as a contribution to a new definition of the kilogram

Jertz, R.; Beck, D.; Bollen, G.; Emmes, J; Kluge, H.‐J.; Schark, E.; Schwarz, S.; Schwarz, Thomas; Schweikhard, L.; Senne, P.; Carlberg, C.; Bergström, I.; Borgenstrand, H.; Rouleau, G.; Schuch, R.; Söderberg, F.

doi:10.1088/0031-8949/48/4/003

Cited by 37 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It is useful to note that two Silicon Isotopic Refer- r ~( ~~~i ) / n ( " ~i ) 0,032 821 3 (12) ence Materials were produced as a by-product of this work: IRMM-017 in the form of small Si crystals and IRMM-018, a 10 kg SiO, batch, both of which had their isotope abundance ratios certified to 3 x lo4 [14], now recertified to 3 x [15]. It should also be pointed out that the atomic masses of the silicon isotopes are well enough known [16], the important atomic mass of '*Si having an especially small uncertainty [17], that they will not represent the limiting uncertainty, even for a substantially improved value of NA,…”

Section: Achieved Accuracymentioning

confidence: 96%

Molar Mass Determinations forN_A(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

Bièvre¹,

Valkiers²

1994

Metrologia

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The present status of molar mass measurements of silicon is summarized because of their relevance to modern determinations of the Avogadro constant: principles of the measurement, measurement procedures and preparation of the synthetic isotope mixtures used to calibrate the measurements are described. Typical results are shown and the potential for improvements achievable in the near future is outlined.

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Section: Achieved Accuracymentioning

confidence: 96%

Molar Mass Determinations forN_A(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

Bièvre¹,

Valkiers²

1994

Metrologia

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“…We explore the fact that the precision in mass determinations in this way increases linearly with the charge of the ion. SMILETRAP was assembled in the Physics Department at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz during 19901 992 [6]. One of the ¢rst measurements done with SMI-LETRAP, still at Mainz, was a mass measurement of 28 Si using 28 Si 1þ and 12 C 1þ and 12 C 3 1þ ions as mass references.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Masses of²⁸Si and the Proton Determined in a Penning Trap

Bergström¹,

Fritioff

Schuch

et al. 2002

Phys. Scr.

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The masses of the three silicon isotopes are important parameters for a re-de¢nition of the kilogram based on atomic properties. Using the Penning trap mass spectrometer SMILETRAP at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory the mass of 28 Si was determined from the cyclotron frequencies of 28 S 14þ , 28 S 13þ and 28 S 12þ using 12 C 6þ , 12 C 5þ and 12 C 4þ as well as H þ 2 as mass references. Since H 2 þ ions were used as intermediate mass reference the mass of the proton could be determined using in addition 20 Ne 10,9þ and 40 Ar 16þ,14þ ions as mass references. By comparing the value of the proton mass determined this way with the accurate accepted value we could set an experimental limit of 0.35 ppb ppb for the total uncertainties in our mass determinations. Avalue of 27.976 926 533.9 (80) u was obtained for the mass of 28 Si con¢rming the more accurate value obtained by the MIT-group using an entirely di¡erent method. Thus the mass of 28 Si has been determined by using two very di¡erent methods agreeing within an uncertainty <0.35 ppb.

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“…Over the last 25 years a research program -often collectively referred to as the "Avogadro Project" -has focused on redefining the kilogram using monocrystalline silicon that is highly enriched in 28 Si [54][55][56][57][58][59], encompassing a variety of materials and metrological techniques for achieving an improved, lower-uncertainty definition of the kilogram mass. The use of a single crystal of 28 Si with ultra-high purity, both chemically and isotopically, has the following benefits for metrology: i) Minimizing chemical impurities reduces uncertainty in lattice defects and total crystal mass [60]; ii) Minimal lattice defects and the physical regularity of the crystal structure allow for high-precision atom counting [55]; and iii) Having high isotopic purity (and thus a single atomic mass) further reduces uncertainty when estimating the total mass of an enriched crystal [61].…”

Section: Alternative Isotopically Pure Silicon Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring 32Si and low-background silicon dark matter detectors

Orrell

Arnquist

Bliss

et al. 2018

Astroparticle Physics

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The naturally occurring radioisotope 32 Si represents a potentially limiting background in future dark matter directdetection experiments. We investigate sources of 32 Si and the vectors by which it comes to reside in silicon crystals used for fabrication of radiation detectors. We infer that the 32 Si concentration in commercial single-crystal silicon is likely variable, dependent upon the specific geologic and hydrologic history of the source (or sources) of silicon "ore" and the details of the silicon-refinement process. The silicon production industry is large, highly segmented by refining step, and multifaceted in terms of final product type, from which we conclude that production of 32 Si-mitigated crystals requires both targeted silicon material selection and a dedicated refinement-through-crystal-production process. We review options for source material selection, including quartz from an underground source and silicon isotopically reduced in 32 Si. To quantitatively evaluate the 32 Si content in silicon metal and precursor materials, we propose analytic methods employing chemical processing and radiometric measurements. Ultimately, it appears feasible to produce silicon detectors with low levels of 32 Si, though significant assay method development is required to validate this claim and thereby enable a quality assurance program during an actual controlled silicon-detector production cycle.

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Direct determination of the mass of²⁸Si as a contribution to a new definition of the kilogram

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Molar Mass Determinations forN_A(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

Molar Mass Determinations forN_A(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

On the Masses of²⁸Si and the Proton Determined in a Penning Trap

Naturally occurring 32Si and low-background silicon dark matter detectors

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Direct determination of the mass of28Si as a contribution to a new definition of the kilogram

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Molar Mass Determinations forNA(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

Molar Mass Determinations forNA(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

On the Masses of28Si and the Proton Determined in a Penning Trap

Naturally occurring 32Si and low-background silicon dark matter detectors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Direct determination of the mass of²⁸Si as a contribution to a new definition of the kilogram

Molar Mass Determinations forN_A(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

Molar Mass Determinations forN_A(Avogadro) Projects: Present Status and Potential for the Future

On the Masses of²⁸Si and the Proton Determined in a Penning Trap