Direct Electrosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles on Ti₃C₂T_x-Mxene during Hydrogen Evolution

Abstract

Herein, we propose a simple yet effective method to deposit metal nanoparticles on Ti3C2T x -MXene via direct electrosynthesis. Without using any reducing reagent or annealing under reducing atmosphere, it allows the conversion of metal salts (e.g., PtCl4, RuCl3·yH2O, IrCl3·zH2O, AgNO3, and CuCl2·2H2O) to metal nanoparticles with a small particle size (ca. 2 nm). Under these circumstances, it was realized that the support effect from Ti3C2T x -MXene (electron pushing) is quite profound, in which the Ti3C2T x -MXene support will act as an electron donor to push the electron to Pt nanoparticles and increase the electron density of Pt nanoparticles. It populates the antibonding state of Pt–Pt bonds as well as the adsorbate level that leads to a “weakening” of the ΔG H* in the optimal position. This rationalizes the outstanding activity of Pt/Ti3C2T x -MXene (5 wt %, η10 = 16 mV) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In addition, this direct electrosynthesis method grants the growth of two or multiple types of metal nanoparticles on the Ti3C2T x -MXene substrate that can perform dual or multiple functions as desired. For instance, one can prepare an electrocatalyst with Pt (2.5 wt %) and Ru nanoparticles (2.5 wt %) on the Ti3C2T x -MXene support from the same synthetic method. This electrocatalyst (Pt_Ru/Ti3C2T x -MXene) can display good electrocatalytic HER performance in both acid (0.5 M H2SO4) and alkaline electrolytes (1.0 M KOH).