Direct Enhancement of the Phagocytic and Bactericidal Capability of Abdominal Macrophage of Chicks by β-1,3–1,6-Glucan

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is the major zoonotic and intracellular pathogen. Different strategies have been developed to prevent the S. Enteritidis infection. The beta-1,3-1,6-glucan of Schizophyllum commune was used as an immunological booster to determine the minimal dietary level of beta-glucan that would restrict S. Enteritidis infection through the effects of beta-glucan on the activity of macrophages and direct physical protection of the intestine. One-day-old male Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were used in all trials. In trials 1 and 2, the 0.1% beta-1,3-1,6-glucan treatment completely eliminated the viable S. Enteritidis from spleen and liver in an oral challenge of 10(8) S. Enteritidis without any harmful effect on BW, serum proteins, and immunoglobulin. Instead of a 21-d feeding period of beta-glucan, a 14-d treatment was enough to eliminate the S. Enteritidis in spleen and liver. In trial 3, an increase in the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and phytohemagglutinin-P-inducing cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity was observed (P < 0.05). In trials 2, 3, and 4, the direct or indirect effect of beta-1,3-1,6-glucan on abdominal macrophages was examined. Sterilized 3% Sephadex G-50 was injected to induce abdominal (peritoneal) phagocytes in chicks fed with or without 0.1% beta-1,3-1,6-glucan. Significantly increased phagocytic and bactericidal capability to S. Enteritidis was found in abdominal macrophages either pretreated or in vitro treated with 0.1% beta-1,3-1,6-glucan. In conclusion, in addition to the physical properties to block S. Enteritidis entrance, 0.1% dietary beta-1,3-1,6-glucan may enhance the host defense to S. Enteritidis by directly upregulating the phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of abdominal macrophages in chicks.

Glucans and the Poultry Immune System

“…The β-glucans appear to have functioned by increasing phagocytosis, bactericidal killing and oxidative burst from the heterophils. This was confirmed by Chen et al (2008) who reported that supplementation with yeast β-glucan enhanced the chick's defense against SE by directly upregulating both the phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of abdominal macrophages. Dietary supplementation of β-1,3-1,6-glucan of the fungus Schizophyllum commune was also shown to increase the phagocytic and bactericidal capabilities of intestinal macrophages (Chen et al, 2008;Muthusamy et al, 2013).…”

“…A β-glucan from mushrooms has been shown to promote splenocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production in broilers (Chen et al, 2008). Purified β-glucan from the edible mushroom Pleuratusflorida was shown to provide broiler chicks with some protection from Newcastle disease (Paul et al, 2012).…”

<i>Salmonella </i>Serovars and Vaccination Effect on the Immune Responses of Male and Female Layers

“…Serovars S. Enteritidis OU7586, an invasive strain of S. Enteritidis OU7439 to chicks (Chen et al, 2008), S. Pullorum OU7115 and OU7116, S. Gallinarum OU7113 and OU7114 of serogroup D Salmonella, and Escherichia coli OU4092 were used. The use of all bacteria and the animal experiments were approved by the Biological Security Committee, the Animal Use Protocol (IACUC No.99022), and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of National Chiayi University in accordance with the laws of Taiwan (ROC).…”

Effect of barley β-glucan on murine RAW264.7 macrophages against virulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

“…The molecular weights and amounts of branches of the glucans can mediate different immune response in cytokines productions such as IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α etc. (Du et al, 2006;Rice et al, 2005;Suzuki, Hashimoto, Ohno, Tanaka, & Yadomae, 1989), as well as enhancement of phagocytic activities and productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) against bacterial infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis; Hetland, Ohno, Aaberge, & Lovik, 2000;Zhang, Cheung, Ooi, & Zhanf, 2004;Chen et al, 2008).…”