Direct evidence for role of anti-saliva antibodies against salivary gland homogenate of P. argentipes in modulation of protective Th1-immune response against Leishmania donovani

Pushpanjali, .; Thakur, Ajit Kumar; Purkait, Bidyut; Jamal, Fauzia; Singh, Manish Kumar; Ahmed, Ghufran; Bimal, Sanjiva; Kumar, Vijay; Singh, Subhankar K.; Keshri, Srikant; Das, Pradeep; Narayan, Shyam

doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.017

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Vector saliva plays an important immunomodulatory role and favors the M2 profile in different manners. Vector saliva induces IL-10 to promote a regulatory response ( 81 , 89 , 90 ), and it is related to the activation of a Th2 response via the increase in IL-4 and IL-6 synthesis ( 85 , 87 ) Rohousov et al ( 88 ). Besides that, the salivary components reducing the M1 related parameters, such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12, iNOS and nitric oxide (NO) ( 85 , 86 , 88 , 90 ).…”

Section: Interaction Of Vector Saliva With Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophage Polarization in Leishmaniasis: Broadening Horizons

et al. 2018

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease that affects more than 700,000 people annually. Leishmania parasites cause the disease, and different species trigger a distinct immune response and clinical manifestations. Macrophages are the final host cells for the proliferation of Leishmania parasites, and these cells are the key to a controlled or exacerbated response that culminates in clinical manifestations. M1 and M2 are the two main macrophage phenotypes. M1 is a pro-inflammatory subtype with microbicidal properties, and M2, or alternatively activated, is an anti-inflammatory/regulatory subtype that is related to inflammation resolution and tissue repair. The present review elucidates the roles of M1 and M2 polarization in leishmaniasis and highlights the role of the salivary components of the vector and the action of the parasite in the macrophage plasticity.

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Section: Interaction Of Vector Saliva With Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophage Polarization in Leishmaniasis: Broadening Horizons

et al. 2018

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“…aegypti salivary cecropins [24]. Interestingly, the downmodulation of iNOS/NO axis in macrophages is also reported for saliva from ticks [53–56], triatomines [57], sandflies [58–62], horseflies [63] and other mosquito species [64], suggesting that the activation of this antimicrobial pathway is a common target for saliva of hematophagous arthropods. Similarly, inflammatory cytokine production and NF-κB signaling were impaired in bone marrow-derived murine macrophages infected by Zika virus in the presence of LTRIN, an Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Aedes aegypti saliva impairs M1-associated proinflammatory phenotype without promoting or affecting M2 polarization of murine macrophages

et al. 2019

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Background During the feeding process, the mouthparts of hematophagous mosquitoes break the skin barrier and probe the host tissue to find the blood. The saliva inoculated in this microenvironment modulates host hemostasis, inflammation and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms involved in these biological activities remain poorly understood and few studies explored the potential roles of mosquito saliva on the individual cellular components of the immune system. Here, we report the immunomodulatory activities of Aedes aegypti salivary cocktail on murine peritoneal macrophages. Results The salivary gland extract (SGE) of Ae. aegypti inhibited the production of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12, as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and NF-κB by murine macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The spare respiratory capacity, the phagocytic and microbicidal activities of these macrophages were also reduced by Ae. aegypti SGE. These phenotypic changes are consistent with SGE suppressing the proinflammatory program of M1 macrophages. On the other hand, Ae. aegypti SGE did not influence M2-associated markers (urea production, arginase-1 and mannose receptor-1 expression), either in macrophages alternatively activated by IL-4 or in those classically activated by LPS plus IFN-γ. In addition, Ae. aegypti SGE did not display any cytokine-binding activity, nor did it affect macrophage viability, thus excluding supposed experimental artifacts. Conclusions Given the importance of macrophages in a number of biological processes, our findings help to enlighten how vector saliva modulates vertebrate host immunity.

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“…The cells were stimulated with the metacyclic form of Ld AS and Ld promastigotes at a ratio of 10:1 and incubated at 37°C in an incubator with 5% CO 2 for 48 hrs. The cell supernatant was collected by centrifugation at 500 g for 10 minutes, and the NO was measured in the samples using Griess reagent [31]. The absorbance was recorded at 540 nm (BIO-RAD), and the amount of NO was estimated by comparison with a standard curve.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the immune response and infection pattern to Leishmania donovani in visceral leishmaniasis due to arsenic exposure: An in vitro study

et al. 2019

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The arsenic contamination of ground water in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic areas in Bihar, India leads to human exposure through drinking water. Possibly, the consumed arsenic (As) accumulates in the tissues of VL patients, who subsequently internalize intracellular amastigotes to confer resistance against chemotherapy to the parasite, leading to modulation in the host’s immune response. This hypothesis appears to be consistent with the in vitro findings that in arsenic-exposed parasites, the mitochondrial membrane potential became depolarized, whereas the reduced thiol and lactate production was overexpressed with enhanced glucose consumption; therefore, the reduced thiol possibly supports an immunosuppressive state in the host cells. This observation was well supported by the down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) with a suppressed anti-leishmanial function of macrophage (NO, ROS). In contrast, the pathophysiological mechanism of VL has received ample support by the promotion of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the presence of arsenic-exposed Leishmania parasites (LdAS). Dysfunction of mitochondria and the overexpression of lactate production raise the possibility of the Warburg effect being operative through the up-regulation of glucose consumption by parasites to enhance the energy production, possibly augmenting virulence. Therefore, we surmise from our data that arsenic exposure to Leishmania donovani modulates the immune response and infection pattern by impairing parasite function, which may affect the anti-leishmanial effect in VL.

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Direct evidence for role of anti-saliva antibodies against salivary gland homogenate of P. argentipes in modulation of protective Th1-immune response against Leishmania donovani

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Macrophage Polarization in Leishmaniasis: Broadening Horizons

Macrophage Polarization in Leishmaniasis: Broadening Horizons

Aedes aegypti saliva impairs M1-associated proinflammatory phenotype without promoting or affecting M2 polarization of murine macrophages

Modulation of the immune response and infection pattern to Leishmania donovani in visceral leishmaniasis due to arsenic exposure: An in vitro study

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