“…Differences in material modulus, strength, and influences of microscopic geometry produce various possibilities of material degradation modes. Numerous computational approaches are proposed including the reduced-order-homogenization (ROH) method (Fish et al, 1999;Fish and Yuan, 2005;Oskay and Fish, 2007;Yuan andFish, 2008, 2009), FE2 method (Eidel and Fischer, 2018;Özdemir et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2022), and second-order problem (Kouznetsova et al, 2004).…”