Direct identification of yessotoxin in shellfish by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

Draisci, Rosa; Giannetti, Luigi; Lucentini, Luca; Ferretti, Emanuele; Palleschi, Luca; Marchiafava, C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19981015)12:19<1291::aid-rcm314>3.0.co;2-y

Cited by 30 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Several specific LC-MS methods differing in mobile phase, type of buffer, pH, ionic strength, stationary phase, electrospray mode (positive or negative), have been developed for the detection of OA, DTX1, DTX2 [ 121 , 338 , 339 , 340 , 341 ], DTX3 and diol esters of OA and DTX1 [ 79 , 342 , 343 , 344 ].…”

Section: Assessment Of Sample Collection Procedures and Available mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish

et al. 2014

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Several Dinophysis species produce diarrhoetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) and pectenotoxins, and cause gastointestinal illness, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), even at low cell densities (<103 cells·L−1). They are the main threat, in terms of days of harvesting bans, to aquaculture in Northern Japan, Chile, and Europe. Toxicity and toxin profiles are very variable, more between strains than species. The distribution of DSP events mirrors that of shellfish production areas that have implemented toxin regulations, otherwise misinterpreted as bacterial or viral contamination. Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that most of the toxins produced by Dinophysis are released into the medium, raising questions about the ecological role of extracelular toxins and their potential uptake by shellfish. Shellfish contamination results from a complex balance between food selection, adsorption, species-specific enzymatic transformations, and allometric processes. Highest risk areas are those combining Dinophysis strains with high cell content of okadaates, aquaculture with predominance of mytilids (good accumulators of toxins), and consumers who frequently include mussels in their diet. Regions including pectenotoxins in their regulated phycotoxins will suffer from much longer harvesting bans and from disloyal competition with production areas where these toxins have been deregulated.

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Section: Assessment Of Sample Collection Procedures and Available mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish

et al. 2014

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“…73 Recently, a number of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods have been demonstrated as powerful tools for quantification of YTX analogues and structure elucidation of novel toxins in plankton and shellfish. 72,78,[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][96][97][98][99][100][101] A hybrid triple-quadrupole/linear ion trap MS/MS technique was proven to be useful for characterization of YTX analogues by our previous study. Figure 17 shows linear ion trap LC-MS/MS spectra obtained for YTX (peak #4) and trinor-1-homoYTX (peak #3) detected in the P. reticulatum isolate extract.…”

Section: Lc-ms/ms Of Yessotoxins (Ytxs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

LC-MS/MS Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) Toxins, Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin Analogues, and Other Lipophilic Toxins

Suzuki

Quilliam

2011

ANAL. SCI.

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“…Several specific LC-MS methods have been developed for YTX detection, which differ basically in the mobile or stationary phase used or the electrospray mode selected (positive or negative) [25, 110–115]. Most methods use negative ion mode detection because YTXs easily lose a proton from the sulfate group.…”

Section: Detection and Quantification Methods For Yessotoxin And Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Yessotoxins, a Group of Marine Polyether Toxins: an Overview

et al. 2008

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Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine polyether toxin that was first isolated in 1986 from the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Subsequently, it was reported that YTX is produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera. YTXs have been associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) because they are often simultaneously extracted with DSP toxins, and give positive results when tested in the conventional mouse bioassay for DSP toxins. However, recent evidence suggests that YTXs should be excluded from the DSP toxins group, because unlike okadaic acid (OA) and dinophyisistoxin-1 (DTX-1), YTXs do not cause either diarrhea or inhibition of protein phosphatases . In spite of the increasing number of molecular studies focused on the toxicity of YTX, the precise mechanism of action is currently unknown. Since the discovery of YTX, almost forty new analogues isolated from both mussels and dinoflagellates have been characterized by NMR or LC-MS/MS techniques. These studies indicate a wide variability in the profile and the relative abundance of YTXs in both, bivalves and dinoflagellates. This review covers current knowledge on the origin, producer organisms and vectors, chemical structures, metabolism, biosynthetic origin, toxicological properties, potential risks to human health and advances in detection methods of YTXs.

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Direct identification of yessotoxin in shellfish by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish

Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish

LC-MS/MS Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) Toxins, Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin Analogues, and Other Lipophilic Toxins

Yessotoxins, a Group of Marine Polyether Toxins: an Overview

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