“…It has been widely hypothesized that tumor irradiation activates effectors of innate immunity through the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and the release of endogenous TLR agonists. The observation that such ubiquitous factors heat-shock proteins and uric acid can act through TLRs and induce DC maturation (Gallucci et al, 1999) supports this mechanism as does the demonstration that immature DCs, when administered into irradiated tumors, induce antitumor immunity (Kim et al, 2004).Most recently, the high-mobility-group box 1 alarmin protein, released by dying tumor cells, was shown to act on TLR4 expressed by DCs. Moreover, binding of TLR4 was demonstrated to increase the efficiency of tumor antigen processing and presentation (Apetoh et al, 2007).…”