Direct intercalation of cisplatin into zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets for potential cancer nanotherapy

Abstract

We report the use of zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets (ZrP) for the encapsulation of the anticancer drug cisplatin and its delivery to tumor cells. Cisplatin was intercalated into ZrP by direct-ion exchange and was tested in-vitro for cytotoxicity in the human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. The structural characterization of the intercalated cisplatin in ZrP suggests that during the intercalation process, the chloride ligands of the cisplatin complex were substituted by phosphate groups within the layers. Consequently, a new phosphate phase with the platinum complex directly bound to ZrP (cisPt@ZrP) is produced with an interlayer distance of 9.3 Å. The in-vitro release profile of the intercalated drug by pH stimulus shows that at low pH under lysosomal conditions the platinum complex is released with simultaneous hydrolysis of the zirconium phosphate material, while at higher pH the complex is not released. Experiments with the MCF-7 cell line show that cisPt@ZrP reduced the cell viability up to 40%. The cisPt@ZrP intercalation product is envisioned as a future nanotherapy agent for cancer. Taking advantage of the shape and sizes of the ZrP particles and controlled release of the drug at low pH, it is intended to exploit the enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumors, as well as their intrinsic acidity, for the destruction of malignant cells.

Layered metal(IV) phosphonate materials: Solid‐state 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectra and NMR relaxation

“…The layered metal phosphate/phosphonates are multifunctional materials that are very attractive for applications in the industry and nanomedicine . During the last decade, these materials have been well studied in the context of their synthesis, design, and applications .…”

Phosphate-mediated electrochemical adsorption of cisplatin on gold electrodes

“…[28][29][30] In addition the interaction of cisplatin has been also reported for zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets and calcium phosphates, that can be used as potential delivery agents of cisplatin. [31,32] This observation implied that the coverage of Pt was limited by the coverage of the phosphate anions. It was thus important to identify the relationship between the adsorbed phosphate and the potential.…”

Water Splitting Electrocatalysis within Layered Inorganic Nanomaterials

“…ZrP has been used for the intercalation of several photo-, bio-and redox-active compounds for a wide variety of applications including artificial photosynthesis, amperometric biosensors, and drug delivery [27,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Even though ZrP has previously been studied for catalysis [43][44][45][46][47], membrane composites for proton exchange water electrolyzers [48][49][50][51][52], and as additive for catalytic layers for OER in order to protect metal oxide catalysts [53], our work is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time ZrP is used as an inorganic support for catalysts for the OER.…”