Direct liquefaction of paulownia in hot compressed water: Influence of catalysts

Liquefaction of fermentation residue of reed- and corn stover-pretreated with liquid hot water in the presence of ethanol with aluminum chloride as the catalyst

“…In recent years, studies on the liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass in the presence of ethanol have been reported [9,[17][18][19][20]. To improve the liquefaction reaction, some catalysts were used in the liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass, such as HCl [21], H 2 SO 4 [22], FeS [23], NaOH [24], Na 2 CO 3 [24], K 2 CO 3 [25], KOH [26], and solid superacid SO 4 2À /ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 [1], solid alkali CaO-ZrO 2 [1], Rb 2 CO 3 , Ba(OH) 2 Á8H 2 O [27], and so on. Sulfuric acid is most often used to promote an efficient liquefaction process.…”

Preparation and Characterization of Bio-oil from Biomass

“…At present, water, as reaction medium, is attracting widely attention in the aspect of various biomass conversions due to a series of advantages compared with other organic solvents (Sun, et al, 2010). On one hand, water is an economic and environmental friendly solvent, because it will eliminate the costly pretreatment or dying process of wet raw materials and not produce pollution.…”

“…The bio-oils produced are much lower in oxygen than the original algal biomass feedstock, and their heating values are higher than those of typical petroleum heavy crudes. Moreover, the effects of more catalysts are investigated on the liquefaction, such as Fe, NaCO 3 (Sun, et al, 2010), Ca(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 , FeSO 4 (C. Xu & Lad, 2007), and so on. In summary, the presence of catalyst can decompose macromolecules (including cellulose and hemicellulose) into smaller materials, which will form all kinds of compound through a series of chemical reactions.…”

A review on conversion of biomass to biofuel by nanocatalysts

“…The effects of some other catalysts on the liquefaction of biomass have also been investigated, such as NaHCO3 (Sun et al, 2010), Ca (OH)2, Ba (OH)2, FeSO4 (Xu and Lad, 2007). The heterogeneous catalysts have been used in catalytic conversion of biomass.…”

“…The heterogeneous catalysts have been used in catalytic conversion of biomass. Different heterogeneous catalysts Pd/C, Pt/C, Ru/C, Ni/SiO2-Al2O3, CoMo/γ-Al2O3 (sulfided), zeolite (Duan and Savage, 2011), and Fe (Sun et al, 2010) have been studied in conversion of the biomass. In catalytic hydro conversion of biomass, liquid catalysts have the advantage of being mono dispersed in reaction mixtures.…”