Direct liquid fuel cells: A review

Ong, B.C.; Kamarudin, Siti Kartom; Basri, Sahriah

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.117

Cited by 501 publications

(319 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…1 However, the commercialization of these DLFCs is limited by their high cost, especially by the cost of the platinum (Pt) catalyst used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the cathode. Different types of liquid fuels, such as methanol, ethanol, formic acid, dimethylether, hydrazine, and sodium borohydride, may be used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of direct formic acid fuel cell using transition metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes as cathode catalysts

et al. 2019

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Summary The application of nonprecious metal catalysts, such as iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) catalyst, to direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs), especially in direct methanol fuel cells, has been widely investigated. However, the application of such non‐Pt catalysts as cathode catalysts in direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) operations has not yet been investigated. This study intends to evaluate the formic acid tolerance of such catalysts in case of oxygen reduction reaction. In addition, we investigate their performances in DFAFC using the Fe‐ and Co‐nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (Fe‐NCNT and Co‐NCNT) as the cathode catalysts and compare these performances with the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Herein, Fe‐NCNT and Co‐NCNT were synthesized using the conventional method by the pyrolysis of the multiwalled carbon nanotubes, dicyandiamide, and metal salt under the flow of N2 at 800°C. Both the Fe‐NCNT and Co‐NCNT catalysts exhibit higher formic acid tolerance when compared with that exhibited by the Pt/C catalyst. Further, single‐cell tests with hydrogen‐fed polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and DFAFC operations were conducted under various operating conditions to compare the performances of the cells while using the prepared catalysts and the conventional Pt/C catalyst. The PEFC performances in both the Fe‐NCNT and Co‐NCNT catalysts were significantly low (94.9mW cm−2 for Fe‐NCNT and 164.0 mW cm−2 for Co‐NCNT at 60°C). Regardless, the Co‐NCNT catalyst exhibited a maximum power density of 160.7 mW cm−2 in DFAFC operated at 60°C and7‐M formic acid. This value is comparable with that for DFAFC with a Pt/C catalyst (128.9mW cm−2) and is considerably higher than that obtained for other DLFCs while using a non‐Pt catalyst. Therefore, the usage of a non‐Pt metal catalyst as the cathode catalyst is preferable in case of DFAFC.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of direct formic acid fuel cell using transition metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes as cathode catalysts

et al. 2019

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] With alkaline-type direct liquid fuel cells being given greater attention than acid-type fuel cells, [6][7] formate is an ideal fuel alternative to ethanol and methanol. In this manuscript, we demonstrate, for the first time, a class of binary PdÀ Ni alloy nanoparticles over two different carbon supports showing exceptional enhancement of the formate oxidation reaction (FOR) performance in alkaline medium, compared to Pd/C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] With alkaline-type direct liquid fuel cells being given greater attention than acid-type fuel cells, [6][7] formate is an ideal fuel alternative to ethanol and methanol. [1][2][3][4][5] With alkaline-type direct liquid fuel cells being given greater attention than acid-type fuel cells, [6][7] formate is an ideal fuel alternative to ethanol and methanol.…”

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confidence: 99%

Binary Pd−Ni Nanoalloy Particles over Carbon Support with Superior Alkaline Formate Fuel Electrooxidation Performance

et al. 2019

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Formate is the one legitimate carbon-neutral fuel that has the capability of being considered an alternative to alcohol fuels amidst the growing demand for efficient fuel-cell systems. In this manuscript, we demonstrate, for the first time, a class of binary PdÀ Ni alloy nanoparticles over two different carbon supports showing exceptional enhancement of the formate oxidation reaction (FOR) performance in alkaline medium, compared to Pd/C. The synergistic effects of Pd and oxophilic Ni along with the electronic structure alteration of Pd induced through alloying resulted in an effective change in its catalytic ability, leading to a 5-time enhancement in the overall current density along with a lower overpotential during formate oxidation compared to Pd/C. The more active Pd catalytic sites of the nanoalloy helped to yield mass activities as high as 4.5 A mg À 1 Pd and 7.8 A mg À 1 Pd during FOR. The structural and electrochemical analysis justifies the synergistic effects and alterations in the Pd lattice ensuing a superior enhancement of electrochemically active Pd sites.Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) are regarded as one of the energy carriers of the future due to their plentiful advantages, including high power density, ease of handling and being part of the renewable energy series. [1][2][3][4][5] With alkaline-type direct liquid fuel cells being given greater attention than acid-type fuel cells, [6][7] formate is an ideal fuel alternative to ethanol and methanol. [8] Direct formate fuel cells (DFFCs) are also receiving immense attention due to the increased formate fuel regeneration possibilities especially those involving CO 2 . [9][10][11] Formate is further advantageous in terms of its nontoxic and environmentally friendly nature. [12][13] As such, DFFCs currently need potential efficient and stable catalysts for widespread commer-cial applications. Palladium is the catalyst that has shown the most promising prospects for enhanced liquid-fuel oxidation kinetics in alkaline media and that could effectively replace platinum. [14][15][16] However, there is an imminent need for performance improvements in Pd catalysts in terms of their efficiency and durability before they can be effectively utilized in alkaline DFFCs. Previous reports suggest that the formate oxidation reaction on the Pd surface proceeds through the decomposition of COO À into CO 3 2À in alkaline medium. [17] When considering advancements in Pd-based anode catalysts for alkaline formate oxidation, transition metal alloying has been shown to increase the alcohol and formic acid/formate fuel oxidation capabilities [5,[18][19][20][21] and to the best of our knowledge, alkaline formate oxidation using Pd-transition metal alloy catalysts has seldom been studied and is largely unexplored. Alloy catalysts of Pd with Au or Cu have been reported with marginal increases in the alkaline formate oxidation performance. [22][23] PdÀ Co alloy over Vulcan carbon obtained via solid-solution processing could yield a good FOR kinetics in our recent study. [18]...

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“…However, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) outperform conventional batteries. 6 Many studies have been conducted to enhance the efficiency of DMFCs and overcome the barriers blocking their commercial use. For large applications, DMFCs outperform conventional generators owing to their higher efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance enhancement of direct methanol fuel cell using multi‐zone narrow flow fields

2019

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Summary New serpentine and spiral flow field configurations were developed to enhance the performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The new configurations are based on two primary concepts, namely, narrowing the flow field and partitioning the total active area of the fuel cell. Three flow channel heights of 0.8, 0.4, and 0.2 mm were investigated in serpentine and spiral flow fields. The main active area is considered a single zone and is partitioned into two‐ and four‐zone designs while maintaining the total inlet mass flow rate of the reactant and oxidant. To determine the performance parameters of the newly proposed designs, a three‐dimensional single‐phase isothermal model was developed, numerically simulated, and validated through experimental measurements. The findings of the current study indicate that a serpentine flow field configuration with a channel height of 0.2 mm and two zones attains an enhancement of the net power density of 37% compared to a conventional single‐zone design with a flow channel height of 0.8 mm. Similarly, for a spiral flow field design, the maximum net power density increased by 26% using a two‐zone configuration with a channel height of 0.2 mm, in comparison to the conventional design of a single‐zone and a flow channel height of 0.8 mm. The newly developed designs utilize the lower height of the flow fields to decrease the dimensions of the fuel cell stacks and reduce the material costs required.

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Direct liquid fuel cells: A review

Cited by 501 publications

References 133 publications

Performance of direct formic acid fuel cell using transition metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes as cathode catalysts

Performance of direct formic acid fuel cell using transition metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes as cathode catalysts

Binary Pd−Ni Nanoalloy Particles over Carbon Support with Superior Alkaline Formate Fuel Electrooxidation Performance

Performance enhancement of direct methanol fuel cell using multi‐zone narrow flow fields

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