Direct LSC method for measurements of biofuels in fuel

Determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels by the 14C direct LSC method by using quenching properties of modern liquids for calibration

“…Due to relatively high measurement uncertainty of the LSC-CO 2 technique, it is usually not applied for archeological samples, although technically all samples can be prepared in the form of absorbed CO 2 . The simplest method of direct LSC measurement of liquids mixed with an appropriate scintillation cocktail is applicable only to liquid fuels (Krištof and Kožar Logar, 2013;Idoeta et al, 2014). The method does not require special sample pretreatment, but the measurement efficiency depends on the sample color (Edler and Kaihola, 2007).…”

“…Fossil matrix of the fuels can be gasoline (benzine), diesel (gas oil), kerosene, or naphtha, while biogenic blends are usually bioethanol, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and others (Krištof and Kožar Logar, 2013). A technique of direct measurement by the liquid scintillation counting of the 14 C content in liquid fuel is simple and fast and does not require any sample preparation procedure.…”

“…The different liquid colors cause different quenching properties of samples and thus change the measurement efficiency (Edler and Kaihola, 2007). Various methods have been suggested to overcome this main disadvantage of the direct method, such as decolorization (ter Wiel et al, 2010), or separate quenching curves for various combinations of the fossil matrix and biogenic blends resulting in rather complicated data evaluation techniques depending on the type of a sample, both of the fossil matrix and biogenic blend (Krištof and Kožar Logar, 2013;Idoeta et al, 2014) assuming that the sample composition is known.…”

“…The set was completed with several different, but not identified, samples of pure fossil origin intended to be used as background samples. Since the type of the sample was not identified either, we could not apply the technique of different quenching curves (Krištof and Kožar Logar, 2013) and we needed a different approach to data evaluation.…”

Liquid phase pyrolysis of wheat straw and poplar in hexadecane solvent

“…With regard to further processing technology the most important characteristics are the amount of organic material transferred from the biomass to the organic solvent and the chemical composition of the transferred (extracted) material. The amount of bio-carbon transferred to the solvent can be obtained from the mass-balance of the transformation [16] or by measuring 14 C contents using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) [8,10,11,17], and Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) [17,18]. Qualitative identification of pyrolysis products is a very challenging task.…”