Direct Measurement of Light Waves

Goulielmakis, Eleftherios; Uiberacker, M.; Kienberger, Reinhard; Baltuška, Andrius; Yakovlev, Vladislav S.; Scrinzi, Armin; Westerwalbesloh, T.; Kleineberg, Ulf; Heinzmann, Ulrich; Drescher, Markus; Krausz, Ferenc

doi:10.1126/science.1100866

Cited by 666 publications

(434 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It can be sampled by measuring the field induced energy shift of the photoelectrons upon scanning the time delay between the THz and XUV pulses. The energy shift directly represents the vector potential (2) of the THz pulse [21], where E THz is the THz electric field. Figure 2 shows a series of kinetic energy spectra of Xe 5p photoelectrons detached by 13.5 nm FLASH pulses in the presence of intense THz pulses.…”

Section: Mapping Of the Thz-fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-diagnostics for improved dynamics experiments at XUV FELs

Drescher

Frühling

Krikunova

et al. 2010

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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Abstract. Significantly structured and fluctuating temporal profiles of pulses from SASE free electron lasers as well as their unstable timing requires time-diagnostics on a single-shot basis. The duration and structure of XUV pulses from the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) are becoming accessible using a variation of the streak camera principle, where photoemitted electrons are energetically streaked in the electric field component of a terahertz electromagnetic wave. The timing with respect to an independently generated laser pulse can be measured in an XUV/laser cross-correlator, based on a non-collinear superposition of both pulses on a solid state surface and detection of XUV-induced modulations of its reflectivity for visible light. Sorting of data according to the measured timing dramatically improves the temporal resolution of an experiment sampling the relaxation of transient electronic states in xenon after linear-as well as non-linear excitation with intense XUV pulses from FLASH.

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Section: Mapping Of the Thz-fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-diagnostics for improved dynamics experiments at XUV FELs

Drescher

Frühling

Krikunova

et al. 2010

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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“…Whereas conventional pulse metrology [57,58] is appropriate to capture the characteristics of the pulses in each of the constituent channels it fails to offer a reliable, instantaneousfield sensitive characterization required for field-controlled superoctave waveforms. On the other hand, attosecond streaking [39] satisfies these requirements and demonstrates how early innovations in attosecond science have laid the ground work for the next steps in this young but rapidly growing scientific field. [54].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Light Fields: the Next Frontiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time resolved energetic shift of the photoelectrons can be directly associated to the instantaneous vector potential of the optical waveform [44], based on simple mathematical formalism and therefore allows for a direct and complete reconstruction of its electric field. First implementation of attosecond streaking as an oscilloscope of light waves [39] allowed direct access into the detailed field waveform of a few-cycle pulse. This demonstration brought to an end to century long pursuit towards capturing the most basic feature of a light wave in real time: its field oscillation.…”

Section: Attosecond Strong-field Physics In the Few-cycle Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

MAKING OPTICAL WAVES, TRACING ELECTRONS IN REAL-TIME: THE ONSET OF THE ATTOSECOND REALM (Invited Review)

Goulielmakis¹,

Krausz²

2014

PIER

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Abstract-Tracing the dynamics of electrons inside atoms molecules or solids as they occur in real time resides at the forefront of modern science and technology. Advances in attosecond physics over the last decade and beyond are now enabling this essential experimental capability. Here we discuss some of the key developments in light sciences that made possible attosecond metrology and control of electronic processes inside matter on native time scales. These developments hold the promise for new, fundamental insights into the innerworkings of the microcosm as well as the identification of innovative routes for light-based electronic and photonic devices operating at PHz rates.

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“…Indeed, the dynamics of bound electronic states typically occurs in the sub-fs time scale (the revolution time of an electron orbiting around a proton is ∼150 attoseconds) and that of autoionizing states, although generally much slower, occurs in the fs time scale. Recent experiments on rare gas atoms have taken advantage of this fact to provide interesting temporal pictures of ionization [97,102,103] and autoionization [103].…”

Section: Ionization Of H 2 By Ultrashort Vuv Laser Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular ionization and dissociation using synchrotron radiation and ultrashort laser pulses

Martín¹

2007

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. An overview of recent theoretical progress to accurately describe non dissociative and dissociative ionization of molecules exposed to synchrotron radiation and ultrashort uv/xuv laser pulses is presented. The success of recent theoretical approaches rely on their ability to account for both the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom. This is essential to describe the delicate interplay between the electronic motion and the molecule's vibration, especially in those cases where ionization occurs in a time scale comparable to that of the vibrational motion. Some of the most successful applications and the new physics that has emerged by comparing with recent kinematically complete experiments on H2 and D2 will be discussed. IntroductionMolecular ionization is one of the most elementary processes that occurs in the upper atmosphere [1] and in interstellar molecular clouds [2]. Since in molecules the absorbed energy is shared between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, the remaining molecular ion can be left in an excited vibrational or dissociative state. This is at variance with atomic ionization where the energy is entirely absorbed by the electrons. In early pictures of molecular ionization, the nuclear motion was either ignored or described in terms of the Franck-Condon (FC) approximation, in which electronic processes occurring at the equilibrium position of the nuclei are weighted by the squared overlap between the initial and final vibrational states. With the advent of kinematically complete experiments [3,4], in which the momenta of all charged particles is determined, new phenomena with an intrinsic molecular origin have been discovered (see, e.g., [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]). Also the above pictures have been revealed to be incomplete. In this manuscript, the important role of nuclear dynamics in molecular ionization produced by synchrotron radiation and ultrashort pulses will be demonstrated by means of recent ab initio theoretical calculations that account for all electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom.In particular, recent results for electron angular distributions from fixed-in-space molecules will be analyzed and compared with kinematically complete photoionization experiments using synchrotron radiation. These include double and single photoionization of H 2 (D 2 ). The range of excess photon energies considered goes from a few to several hundreds of eV. Also, multiphoton ionization of molecules by vuv ultrashort pulses will be discussed. In particular, the new physics that can be expected by varying pulse duration and intensity will be analyzed.

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Direct Measurement of Light Waves

Cited by 666 publications

References 24 publications

Time-diagnostics for improved dynamics experiments at XUV FELs

Time-diagnostics for improved dynamics experiments at XUV FELs

MAKING OPTICAL WAVES, TRACING ELECTRONS IN REAL-TIME: THE ONSET OF THE ATTOSECOND REALM (Invited Review)

Molecular ionization and dissociation using synchrotron radiation and ultrashort laser pulses

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