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Cited by 7 publications
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This paper contains a review of recent precision measurements of electroweak observables and resulting tests of the electroweak Standard Model. Invited Chapter for a Handbook of Particle Physics IntroductionThe last twenty years have seen enormous progress in experimental precision measurements in particle physics and tests of the electroweak Standard Model. New generations of experiments using advanced detectors at high-energy particle colliders perform measurements with a precision unprecedented in high-energy particle physics. This review summarises the major exciting experimental results measured at the highest energies and pertaining to the electroweak interaction.Comparisons with the theory, the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) [1], are used to test the theory and to constrain its free parameters. The data sets analysed for the precision measurements presented here have been accumulated at the world's highest-energy particle colliders over the last two decades. They verify the SM as a renormalisable field theory correctly describing nature. Electron-positron collisions at 91 GeV centre-of-mass energy were studied by the SLD detector [8], operating at Stanford's Linear Collider (SLC) [12] (1989-1998), and by the experiments ALEPH [13], DELPHI [15], L3 [17] and OPAL [21], taking data at the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP) [25] (1989-1995) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. This centre-of-mass energy corresponds to the mass of the Z boson, the heavy neutral exchange particle of the electroweak interaction, which is thus produced in resonance, e + e − → Z. While SLC provided interactions at a fixed centre-of-mass energy corresponding to the maximum of the Z resonance cross section, the LEP-I collider provided collisions at several centre-of-mass energy points, thereby scanning the Z resonance lineshape in the range from 88 GeV to 94 GeV. By increasing the LEP center-of-mass energy up to 209 GeV (LEP-II, 1996, the precision measurements of Z-boson properties at LEP-I were complemented by measurements of the properties of the W-boson, the charged carrier of the electroweak interaction, in the reaction e + e − → W + W − at LEP-II. Proton-antiproton collisions are provided by the Tevatron collider operating at the Fermi Na-2 tional Accelerator Laboratory close to Chicago in the USA, at centre-of-mass energies of 1.8 TeV (Run-I, 1992(Run-I, -1996 and 2.0 TeV (Run-II, since 2001), and are studied by the experiments CDF [29] and DØ [30]. Results from the Tevatron experiments important for the electroweak interaction include measurements of the mass of the W boson, as well as the discovery of the sixth and heaviest quark known today, the top quark, in 1995 and the measurements of its properties, in particular its mass. In addition, key measurements were performed in dedicated experiments at lower interaction energies, notably the measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon [32], as well as the measurements of parity violation effects in a...
This paper contains a review of recent precision measurements of electroweak observables and resulting tests of the electroweak Standard Model. Invited Chapter for a Handbook of Particle Physics IntroductionThe last twenty years have seen enormous progress in experimental precision measurements in particle physics and tests of the electroweak Standard Model. New generations of experiments using advanced detectors at high-energy particle colliders perform measurements with a precision unprecedented in high-energy particle physics. This review summarises the major exciting experimental results measured at the highest energies and pertaining to the electroweak interaction.Comparisons with the theory, the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) [1], are used to test the theory and to constrain its free parameters. The data sets analysed for the precision measurements presented here have been accumulated at the world's highest-energy particle colliders over the last two decades. They verify the SM as a renormalisable field theory correctly describing nature. Electron-positron collisions at 91 GeV centre-of-mass energy were studied by the SLD detector [8], operating at Stanford's Linear Collider (SLC) [12] (1989-1998), and by the experiments ALEPH [13], DELPHI [15], L3 [17] and OPAL [21], taking data at the Large Electron Positron collider (LEP) [25] (1989-1995) at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. This centre-of-mass energy corresponds to the mass of the Z boson, the heavy neutral exchange particle of the electroweak interaction, which is thus produced in resonance, e + e − → Z. While SLC provided interactions at a fixed centre-of-mass energy corresponding to the maximum of the Z resonance cross section, the LEP-I collider provided collisions at several centre-of-mass energy points, thereby scanning the Z resonance lineshape in the range from 88 GeV to 94 GeV. By increasing the LEP center-of-mass energy up to 209 GeV (LEP-II, 1996, the precision measurements of Z-boson properties at LEP-I were complemented by measurements of the properties of the W-boson, the charged carrier of the electroweak interaction, in the reaction e + e − → W + W − at LEP-II. Proton-antiproton collisions are provided by the Tevatron collider operating at the Fermi Na-2 tional Accelerator Laboratory close to Chicago in the USA, at centre-of-mass energies of 1.8 TeV (Run-I, 1992(Run-I, -1996 and 2.0 TeV (Run-II, since 2001), and are studied by the experiments CDF [29] and DØ [30]. Results from the Tevatron experiments important for the electroweak interaction include measurements of the mass of the W boson, as well as the discovery of the sixth and heaviest quark known today, the top quark, in 1995 and the measurements of its properties, in particular its mass. In addition, key measurements were performed in dedicated experiments at lower interaction energies, notably the measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon [32], as well as the measurements of parity violation effects in a...
We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron–positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLD experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward–backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, mZmZ and ΓZΓZ, and its couplings to fermions, for example the ρρ parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: mZ = 91.1875 ± 0.0021 GeV, Γ Z = 2.4952 ± 0.0023 GeV, ρℓ= 1.0050 ± 0.0010, sin2 θ (sup)lept (sub>eff = 0.23153 ± 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 ± 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward–backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, mt = 173+13 −10 GeV, and the mass of theW boson, mW = 80.363 ± 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of mt and and mWmW, the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285GeV at 95% confidence level
The SLD detector collected a sample of 550K hadronic events at the Z 0 peak from e + e ; collisions at the SLC during the 1993 to 1998 period. Polarized electron beams, a small and stable interaction point and the excellent performance of the 3-D CCD vertex detector provide a unique environment f o r precision electroweak tests of the Standard Model. Improved measurements of heavy quark electroweak parameters are presented here.
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