Direct Measurements of Cosmic Rays (TeV and beyond) Using an Ultrathin Calorimeter: Lessening Fluctuation Method

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to use an ultrathin calorimeter for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. The problems of determining the primary energy with a thin calorimeter, due to large fluctuations in shower development, the low statistics of analyzed events and the large size required for the calorimeter, are considered in detail. A solution to these problems is proposed on the basis of a lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. For energy reconstruction, so-called correlation curves are used. The main analyzed quantities are the size of the cascade and the rate of its development. The method was tested using the calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. Based on simulations, it is shown that the primary energy can be determined on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This fact solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with an increase in primary energy and with the limitation of the analyzed events. The proposed technique is universal for different energies and different nuclei.

Fluctuations of Initial State and Event-by-Event Pseudo-Rapidity Correlations in High Energy Nuclear Collisions

“…Therefore, to evaluate the geometry of the collision, the accelerator experiment with the fixed target has advantages [21,22]. The fixed target mode also allows us to study rare processes and measure the parameters needed to analyze cosmic ray data [23][24][25].…”