Direct measurements of thermal expansion and the volume change upon melting for graphite

The thermophysical properties of low‐temperature Pb plasma

“…So we can compare our results with the measurement data. The lowest density reached in the measurements was ρ 0 /5 = 2.268 g/cm 3 . At T = 10 kK, this value is ∼ ρ lim .…”

“…In Ref. [], a Pb foil was expanded 5 times with respect to the normal density ρ 0 = 11.34 g/cm 3 in an electrical explosion process. The temperature cannot be measured directly in this type of experiments as we have mentioned in Introduction.…”

“…But the pressure, density, electrical conductivity, and internal energy can be obtained. More exactly, the difference dU = U − U 0 between the internal energies in the final and initial states is measured, where U is the absolute internal energy of the final state (plasma) and U 0 is the absolute internal energy of the initial state (crystal) , . The absolute value of U 0 can be equal, with good accuracy, to the crystalline sublimation energy, i.e.…”

“…Dependence P ( U ) at the isochore ρ = ρ 0 /5 = 2.268 g/cm 3 . Symbols correspond to the results of measurements and the line to the present model. The temperature is estimated within the present model…”

“…These calculations include the state of partially ionized plasma. Besides, very recently there have appeared measurement data using electrical explosion of a Pb foil . The Pb foil was expanded from the solid‐state density down to ρ = ρ 0 /5 = 2.268 g/cm 3 under high pressure.…”