Direct mechanical stimulation of brainstem modulates cardiac rhythm and repolarization in humans

Shusterman, Vladimir; Jannetta, Peter J.; Aysin, Benhur; Beigel, Anna; Glukhovskoy, Maksim; Usiene, Irmute

doi:10.1054/jelc.2002.37188

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In contrast, tissue heating will always result in thermo-elastic expansion. Nerve stimulation using pressure waves (rapid mechanical displacement, ultrasound) is well documented in the literature [6,7]. This study aimed to prove or disprove photomechanical effects (thermoelastic expansion or pressure wave generation) leading to optical stimulation.…”

Section: Consideration Of Photomechanical Effects Resulting From Optimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical mechanisms responsible for pulsed low-level laser excitation of neural tissue

Wells

Kao

Konrad

et al. 2006

Optical Interactions With Tissue and Cells XVII

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Background/Objective: The traditional method of stimulating neural activity has been based on electrical methods and remains the gold standard to date despite inherent limitations. We have previously shown a new paradigm to in vivo neural activation based on pulsed infrared light, which provides a contact-free, spatially selective, artifact-free method without incurring tissue damage that may have significant advantages over electrical stimulation in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The goal of this study was to investigate the physical mechanism of this phenomenon, which we propose is a photo-thermal effect from transient tissue temperature changes resulting in direct or indirect activation of transmembrane ion channels causing propagation of the action potential. Methods: Rat sciatic nerve preparation was stimulated in vivo with the Holmium:YAG laser (2.12µm), Free Electron Laser (2.1µm), Alexandrite laser (690nm), and the prototype for a solid state commercial laser nerve stimulator built by Aculight (1.87µm) to determine contributions of photobiological responses from laser tissue interactions, including temperature, pressure, electric field, and photochemistry, underlying the biophysical mechanism of stimulation. Single point temperature measurements were made with a microthermocouple adjacent to the excitation site, while an infrared camera was used for 2-D radiometry of the irradiated surface. Displacement from laser-induced pressure waves or thermoelastic expansion was measured using a PS-OCT system. Results: Results exclude a direct photochemical, electric field, or pressure wave effect as the mechanism of optical stimulation. Measurements show relative small contributions from thermoelastic expansion (300 nm) with the laser parameters used for nerve stimulation. The maximum change in tissue temperature is about 9°C (average increase of 3.66 °C) at stimulation threshold radiant exposures. Conclusion: Neural activation with pulsed laser-light occurs by a transient thermally induced mechanism. Future experiments will reveal if this effect is through direct membrane interaction or facilitated through an indirect effect leading to membrane depolarization.

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Section: Consideration Of Photomechanical Effects Resulting From Optimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical mechanisms responsible for pulsed low-level laser excitation of neural tissue

Wells

Kao

Konrad

et al. 2006

Optical Interactions With Tissue and Cells XVII

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“…Nerve stimulation with mechanical stimuli, including pressure waves has been reported before 50 , 51 . This method of stimulation has been considered a possible mechanism for INS of the sciatic nerve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory Neural Activity in Congenitally Deaf Mice Induced by Infrared Neural Stimulation

Tan

Jahan

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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To determine whether responses during infrared neural stimulation (INS) result from the direct interaction with spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), we tested three genetically modified deaf mouse models: Atoh1-cre; Atoh1 f/f (Atoh1 conditional knockout, CKO), Atoh1-cre; Atoh1 f/kiNeurog1 (Neurog1 knockin, KI), and the Vglut3 knockout (Vglut3 −/−) mice. All animals were exposed to tone bursts and clicks up to 107 dB (re 20 µPa) and to INS, delivered with a 200 µm optical fiber. The wavelength (λ) was 1860 nm, the radiant energy (Q) 0-800 µJ/pulse, and the pulse width (PW) 100–500 µs. No auditory responses to acoustic stimuli could be evoked in any of these animals. INS could not evoke auditory brainstem responses in Atoh1 CKO mice but could in Neurog1 KI and Vglut3 −/− mice. X-ray micro-computed tomography of the cochleae showed that responses correlated with the presence of SGNs and hair cells. Results in Neurog1 KI mice do not support a mechanical stimulation through the vibration of the basilar membrane, but cannot rule out the direct activation of the inner hair cells. Results in Vglut3 −/− mice, which have no synaptic transmission between inner hair cells and SGNs, suggested that hair cells are not required.

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“…Hohenbleicher et al [21] have also reported similar results that when AC was defined as vascular contact on the left, right, or both sides, this finding was more common in hypertensive than in normotensive patients (39 versus 25%, respectively, P < 0.05). Shusterman et al [40] have found in humans that direct mechanical stimulation of the rostral VLM surface and/or the caudal rootlets of cranial nerve X on either side increased the heart rate and modified repolarization patterns. These results suggest that further studies should include evaluation of both the left and the right sides of the ROS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial compression of the retro-olivary sulcus of the medulla in essential hypertension: a multivariate analysis

Coffee¹,

Nicholas²,

Egan³

et al. 2005

Journal of Hypertension

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Direct mechanical stimulation of brainstem modulates cardiac rhythm and repolarization in humans

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Biophysical mechanisms responsible for pulsed low-level laser excitation of neural tissue

Biophysical mechanisms responsible for pulsed low-level laser excitation of neural tissue

Auditory Neural Activity in Congenitally Deaf Mice Induced by Infrared Neural Stimulation

Arterial compression of the retro-olivary sulcus of the medulla in essential hypertension: a multivariate analysis

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