Direct Medical Costs of Four Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases in Older Adults in Spain

Miguel, Ángel Gil de; Bouza, José Marı́a Eiros; Alcorta, Luis Ignacio Martínez; Callejo, Daniel; Miñarro, Carlos; Vallejo-Aparicio, Laura Amanda; García, Andrea; Tafalla, Mónica; Cambronero, Maria Del Rosario; Rodríguez, Rubén; Martin‐Gomez, Laura

doi:10.1007/s41669-022-00329-3

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Indirect costs of lost productivity (from patients or their parents) and the medium and long-term costs related to the posterior treatment of complications caused or aggravated by influenza were not computed. Published studies for Spain report that hospitalization costs represent less than half of the total direct costs of influenza (with its weight varying according to patients’ age and comorbidities status), reflecting the importance of considering the burden in other settings of care [ 20 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Spain, available studies are mostly focused on hospitalized cases coded with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) influenza code and 2014/15 is the most recently analyzed season [ 14 – 20 ]. There are no national estimates available for morbidity and, those available for mortality during this study, were not updated [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excess hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in Spain, 2008–2018

et al. 2023

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Background Influenza may trigger complications, particularly in at-risk groups, potentially leading to hospitalization or death. However, due to lack of routine testing, influenza cases are infrequently coded with influenza-specific diagnosis. Statistical models using influenza activity as an explanatory variable can be used to estimate annual hospitalizations and deaths associated with influenza. Our study aimed to estimate the clinical and economic burden of severe influenza in Spain, considering such models. Methods The study comprised ten epidemic seasons (2008/2009–2017/2018) and used two approaches: (i) a direct method of estimating the seasonal influenza hospitalization, based on the number of National Health Service hospitalizations with influenza-specific International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes (ICD-9: 487–488; ICD-10: J09-J11), as primary or secondary diagnosis; (ii) an indirect method of estimating excess hospitalizations and deaths using broader groups of ICD codes in time-series models, computed for six age groups and four groups of diagnoses: pneumonia or influenza (ICD-9: 480–488, 517.1; ICD-10: J09–J18), respiratory (ICD-9: 460–519; ICD-10: J00–J99), respiratory or cardiovascular (C&R, ICD-9: 390–459, 460–519; ICD-10: I00–I99, J00–J99), and all-cause. Means, excluding the H1N1pdm09 pandemic (2009/2010), are reported in this study. Results The mean number of hospitalizations with a diagnosis of influenza per season was 13,063, corresponding to 28.1 cases per 100,000 people. The mean direct annual cost of these hospitalizations was €45.7 million, of which 65.7% was generated by patients with comorbidities. Mean annual influenza-associated C&R hospitalizations were estimated at 34,894 (min: 16,546; max: 52,861), corresponding to 75.0 cases per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 63.3–86.3) for all ages and 335.3 (95% CI: 293.2–377.5) in patients aged ≥ 65 years. We estimate 3.8 influenza-associated excess C&R hospitalizations for each hospitalization coded with an influenza-specific diagnosis in patients aged ≥ 65 years. The mean direct annual cost of the estimated excess C&R hospitalizations was €142.9 million for all ages and €115.9 million for patients aged ≥ 65 years. Mean annual influenza-associated all-cause mortality per 100,000 people was estimated at 27.7 for all ages. Conclusions Results suggest a relevant under-detected burden of influenza mostly in the elderly population, but not neglectable in younger people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in Spain, 2008–2018

et al. 2023

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“…Fifteen studies reported the economic burden of seasonal influenza in adults aged [? ]65 years (28,34,35,(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52). The majority of studies (n=7) were conducted in the US (34,(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46).…”

Section: Economic Burdenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of studies (n=7) were conducted in the US (34,(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46). Very few studies were conducted in other countries of interest, including Spain (n=2) (50,51), China (n=1) (47), France (n=1) (48), Germany (n=1) (49), the UK (n=1) (28), Japan (n=1) (52), and South Africa (n=1) (35). No studies were identified for Canada, Brazil, or Saudi Arabia.…”

Section: Economic Burdenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Room for improvement in current influenza vaccines? A systematic literature review on the humanistic and economic burden of influenza in older (≥65 years old) adults

Langer

Welch

Moran

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Introduction: Adults aged ≥65 years contribute a large proportion of influenza-related hospitalizations and deaths due to increased risk of complications, which result in high medical costs and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although seasonal influenza vaccines are recommended for older adults, the effectiveness of current vaccines is dependent on several factors including strain matching and recipient demographic factors. Objective: This systemic literature review aimed to explore the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥65 years. Methods: An electronic database search was conducted to identify studies assessing the economic and humanistic burden of influenza, including influenza symptoms that impact the HRQoL and patient related outcomes in adults aged ≥65 years. Studies were to be published in English and conducted in Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. Results: Twenty-five studies reported on the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥65 years. Higher direct costs were reported for people at increased-risk of influenza-related complications compared to those at low-risk. Lower influenza-related total costs were found in those vaccinated with adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) compared to high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV-HD). Older age was associated with an increased occurrence and longer duration of certain influenza symptoms. Despite the limited data identified for, results show that influenza exerts a high humanistic and economic burden. in older adults. Further research is required to confirm findings and to identify the unmet needs of current vaccines.

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High Clinical Burden of Influenza Disease in Adults Aged ≥ 65 Years: Can We Do Better? A Systematic Literature Review

Langer¹,

Welch

Moran

et al. 2023

Adv Ther

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Direct Medical Costs of Four Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases in Older Adults in Spain

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Excess hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in Spain, 2008–2018

Excess hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in Spain, 2008–2018

Room for improvement in current influenza vaccines? A systematic literature review on the humanistic and economic burden of influenza in older (≥65 years old) adults

High Clinical Burden of Influenza Disease in Adults Aged ≥ 65 Years: Can We Do Better? A Systematic Literature Review

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