Direct Monitoring Reveals Initiation of Turbidity Currents From Extremely Dilute River Plumes

Hage, Sophie; Cartigny, Matthieu; Sumner, Esther J.; Clare, Michael; Clarke, John E. Hughes; Talling, Peter J.; Lintern, Gwyn; Simmons, S.; Jacinto, Ricardo Silva; Vellinga, Age; Allin, Joshua R.; Azpiroz-Zabala, María; Gales, J. A.; Hizzett, J. L.; Hunt, James E.; Mozzato, Alessandro; Parsons, D.; Pope, Ed; Stacey, Cooper; Symons, William; Vardy, Mark E.; Watts, C.

doi:10.1029/2019gl084526

Cited by 88 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…On a few occasions, the MVP was able to sample the top of an active turbidity current, which was also observed in the EM710 water column imagery (1x2 degree beam, 0.2 to 0.5 ms pulses, 70-100 kHz; Hughes Clarke et al, 2014;Hage et al, 2019).…”

Section: Hull-mounted Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Mississippi (Ross et al, 2009), North-East Atlantic (de Stigter et al, 2007;Martin et al, 2011;Mulder et al, 2012), Mediterranean (Khripounoff et al, 2012;Puig et al, 2012;Martin et al, 2014;Ribó et al, 2015) British Columbia (Hughes Clarke, 2016;Lintern et al, 2016;Hage et al, 2018Hage et al, , 2019, West Africa (Cooper et al, 2013;2016;Azpiroz-Zabala et al, 2017a&b) and Taiwan (Liu et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2018).…”

Section: A Very Brief History Of Monitoring Turbidity Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modern turbidity current monitoring campaigns typically integrate multiple sensors and tools, such as multi-beam sonar (imaging the water column), optical back-scatter sensors (to detect suspended particles), acoustic monitoring transponders (to determine seafloor movement), sediment traps (to collect suspended sediment) (Lintern and Hill, 2010;Xu, 2011;Khripounoff et al, 2012;Hughes Clarke, 2016;Lintern et al, 2016;Clare et al, 2017;Paull et al, 2018;Lintern et al, 2019;Hage et al, 2019;Maier et al, 2019a&b). The tools that can be used to measure turbidity currents are partly covered by a number of reviews (Xu, 2011;Talling et al, 2013;Puig et al, 2014;Clare et al, 2017).…”

Section: A Very Brief History Of Monitoring Turbidity Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Squamish, the ADPC height varied from 10 m to 15 m above the seabed at low tide as the high shear part of the flows is significantly thinner than this. This is compounded by the fact that turbidity currents are most likely at low tides (4 m range) at Squamish when elevation is lowest (Hughes Clarke et al, 2012;Clare et al, 2016;Hage et al, 2019). In Bute Inlet, the ADCP height was set at about 20 m above the channel base.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…frequency instruments (e.g. HughesClarke et al, 2012;Clare et al, 2015;Hughes Clarke, 2016); ii) sample sediments within the flow to measure vertical grain size segregation or quantify organic particulate flux (e.g.Maier et al, 2019a&b); iii) make measurements within the flow to ground-truth other remote sensing style measurements (e.g Azpiroz-Zabala et al, 2017a;Hage et al, 2019)…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lessons learned from the monitoring of turbidity currents and guidance for future platform designs

Clare

Lintern

Rosenberger³

et al. 2020

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Turbidity currents transport globally significant volumes of sediment and organic carbon into the deep-sea and pose a hazard to critical infrastructure. Despite advances in technology, their powerful nature often damages expensive instruments placed in their path. These challenges mean that turbidity currents have only been measured in a few locations worldwide, in relatively shallow water depths (<<2 km). Here, we share lessons from recent field deployments about how to design the platforms on which instruments are deployed. First, we show how monitoring platforms have been affected by turbidity currents including instability, displacement, tumbling and damage. Second, we relate these issues to specifics of the platform design, such as exposure of large surface area instruments within a flow and inadequate anchoring or seafloor support. Third, we provide recommended improvements to improve design by simplifying mooring configurations, minimising surface area, and enhancing seafloor stability. Finally we highlight novel multi-point moorings that avoid interaction between the instruments and the flow, and flow-resilient seafloor platforms with innovative engineering design features, such as ejectable feet and ballast. Our experience will provide guidance for future deployments, so that more detailed insights can be provided into turbidity current behaviour, and in a wider range of settings.

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Section: Hull-mounted Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: A Very Brief History Of Monitoring Turbidity Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Very Brief History Of Monitoring Turbidity Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lessons learned from the monitoring of turbidity currents and guidance for future platform designs

Clare

Lintern

Rosenberger³

et al. 2020

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Storm‐flood‐dominated delta succession in the Pleistocene Taiwan Strait

Vaucher

Dillinger

Hsieh

et al. 2023

The Depositional Record

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Storm‐flood‐dominated deltas are sedimentary systems in which a complex interplay of hydrodynamic processes occurs during storms (e.g. tropical cyclones) due to the coeval action of continental and oceanic processes. This paper reports on a superbly exposed, 135.5 m thick stratigraphic succession of the Pleistocene Cholan Formation exposed along the Da'an River, Taiwan. The sedimentary succession comprises alternating mudstone and sandstone, is mostly fine‐grained, and exhibits multiple event beds that record deposition during tropical cyclones and post‐depositional deformation features produced during earthquakes. Detailed facies analyses reveal that deposition towards the base of the succession occurred in the palaeo‐Taiwan Strait in storm‐flood‐dominated prodelta and delta‐front environments passing upwards into delta‐plain environments. Tropical cyclone beds are encountered throughout the subaqueous storm‐flood delta successions, and are identified by (i) trough cross‐stratified sandstone bedsets with erosive bases that contain both mud clasts and mudstone beds, (ii) sandstone with aggrading wave ripples and (iii) hummocky cross‐stratified sandstone with rare gutter casts filled with coal fragments and shell remains. Tropical cyclone deposits are either top‐down burrowed or capped by massive or laminated mudstone. Seismites are rare and are mainly recognised through soft‐sediment deformation of beds; they do not show evidence of slope failure. Compared to storm‐flood delta successions described elsewhere, the Cholan Formation shows significantly fewer oscillatory‐generated sedimentary structures and gutter casts. This difference is attributed to the Cholan Formation being deposited in and along the margin of a strait characterised by strong shore‐parallel currents and relatively small storm waves due to its position between Taiwan and mainland China. This study refines depositional process interpretations of the Cholan Formation, provides criteria for recognising storm‐flood delta deposits in tectonically active straits with multiple sediment sources fed by steep drainages and short river catchments, and provides additional criteria for recognising tropical cyclone deposits in shallow‐marine settings.

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Deltas: New paradigms

Zavala,

Arcuri,

Zorzano

et al. 2024

The Depositional Record

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Deltas are deposits directly accumulated by land‐generated gravity flows in a standing body of water. The paradigm of deltaic sedimentation has dramatically changed during recent years, from the popular very simplified ternary models of marine littoral deltas towards more realistic and comprehensive models, considering the importance of sediment‐laden river discharges. Ternary delta models were designed for clean rivers, where a stream flow drags the sediments. Depending on the basin dynamics, these littoral deposits can be modified, forming tidal‐dominated, wave‐dominated or fluvial‐dominated littoral deltas. In recent years, a new classification of delta systems was proposed, based on contrasting the salinity of the receiving water body with the bulk density of the incoming fluvial discharge. Rivers are highly dynamic systems, and their discharges can be very variable in terms of flow duration and sediment concentration. Additionally, the salinity of the receiving water body can exhibit significant variability, especially in closed lakes and epicontinental seas, ranging from freshwater to brines. This scenario allows the distinction of three major delta categories (hypopycnal, homopycnal and hyperpycnal deltas) which can be in turn subdivided, defining seven delta types. Hypopycnal deltas form when the bulk density of the incoming flow is lower than the density of the water in the basin, allowing the definition of three delta types, corresponding to hypersaline littoral deltas, marine littoral deltas and brackish littoral deltas. Homopycnal deltas form when the bulk density of the incoming flow is similar to the density of the water in the basin, defining a delta type termed homopycnal littoral deltas. Hyperpycnal deltas form when the bulk density of the incoming flow is higher than the density of the water in the basin, allowing the definition of three categories termed hyperpycnal littoral deltas, hyperpycnal subaqueous deltas and hyperpycnal fan deltas.

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Direct Monitoring Reveals Initiation of Turbidity Currents From Extremely Dilute River Plumes

Cited by 88 publications

References 32 publications

Lessons learned from the monitoring of turbidity currents and guidance for future platform designs

Lessons learned from the monitoring of turbidity currents and guidance for future platform designs

Storm‐flood‐dominated delta succession in the Pleistocene Taiwan Strait

Deltas: New paradigms

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