Direct Observations of the Behavior of Euphausia Superba and Euphausia Crystallorophias (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) Under Pack Ice During the Antarctic Spring of 1985

O'Brien, DP

doi:10.2307/1548293

Cited by 118 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…However, the importance of sea ice for the adults increases in early spring, when they revert to an active mode after termination of metabolic depression. This concept is supported by the available observations (Spiridonov et al 1985;O'Brien 1987;Marschall 1988;Bergström et al 1990;Spiridonov 1992;Quetin et al 1994Quetin et al , 1996Frazer et al 1997;Lawson et al 2008;Quetin and Ross 2009;Meyer et al 2010). Surveys by remote operating vehicles (ROV) or SCUBA divers in diVerent regions of the Southern Ocean during winter (BransWeld Strait, Lazarev Sea, the WAP region) have only seldom observed adult krill associated with sea ice (Quetin et al 1994(Quetin et al , 1996Frazer et al 1997;Lawson et al 2008;Quetin and Ross 2009;Meyer et al 2010).…”

Section: Body Lipid and Protein Utilisationmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Observations by SCUBA divers and ROVs, from early spring onwards, have provided direct evidence for the presence of adult krill in very high abundance (several 100-1,000 ind. m ¡2 ) under sea ice when a well-developed ice algae community is present (Spiridonov et al 1985;O'Brien 1987;Marschall 1988;Bergström et al 1990;Spiridonov 1992). Their dark green digestive glands indicated active feeding on the sea ice algae biota (Marschall 1988).…”

Section: Body Lipid and Protein Utilisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective

2011

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A major aim of this review is to determine which physiological functions are adopted by adults and larvae to survive the winter season with low food supply and their relative importance. A second aim is to clarify the extent to which seasonal variation in larval and adult krill physiology is mediated by environmental factors with a strong seasonality, such as food supply or day light. Experimental studies on adult krill have demonstrated that speciWc physiological adaptations during autumn and winter, such as reduced metabolic rates and feeding activity, are not caused simply by the scarcity of food, as was previously assumed. These adaptations appear to be inXuenced by the local light regime. The physiological functions that larval krill adopt during winter (reduced metabolism, delayed development, lipid utilisation, and variable growth rates) are, in contrast to the adults, under direct control by the available food supply. During winter, the adults often seem to have little association with sea ice (at least until early spring). The larvae, however, feed within sea ice but mainly on the grazers of the ice algal community rather than on the algae themselves. In this respect, a miss-match in timing of the occurrence of the last phytoplankton blooms in autumn and the start of the sea ice formation, as has been increasingly observed in the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, will impact larval krill development during winter in terms of food supply and consequently the krill stock in this region.

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Section: Body Lipid and Protein Utilisationmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Body Lipid and Protein Utilisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective

2011

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“…It is possible that gyral ocean currents carry Adélie penguins from colonies along the coasts of Enderby, Kemp and Mac.Robertson Lands into productive waters at the eastern margin of the Weddell gyre. Krill have been found under the sea-ice during winter and spring (Nordhausen 1994, Quetin et al 1996 and references therein), particularly in the Weddell Sea (Marschall 1988, Daly & Macaulay 1991 and off Enderby Land (O'Brien 1987), and often at highest concentrations within 200 km of the outer edge of the pack-ice (Daly & Macaulay 1991). Adélie penguins are known to feed on krill, fish and cephalopods during winter (Ainley et al 1992) in the Scotia-Weddell Confluence region, and are likely to be foraging similarly in the Haakon VII Sea.…”

Section: Winter Foraging Grounds and Gyral Oceanic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-fledging and winter migration of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae in the Mawson region of East Antarctica

Clarke¹,

Kerry²,

Fowler³

et al. 2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Seven fledging Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae chicks and 4 post-moult adults were satellite tracked using the Argos system during the winters of 1995-97 and 1998, respectively. Six fledglings departed from Béchervaise Island near Mawson station (67°35' S, 62°49' E) during late February of 1996 and 1997 and were tracked for up to 5 mo before transmissions stopped. The 7th fledgling left Magnetic Island near Davis station (68°33' S, 77°54' E) in February 1995 and was tracked for 32 d. All fledglings travelled northward initially, then westward along the edge of the fast ice or in the pack-ice. Fledglings had travelled between 536 and 1931 km to the west of their natal colonies by the time transmissions ceased. Adult Adélie penguins were tracked between March and October 1998, following completion of their annual moult at Bechérvaise Island. Instruments were set to transmit for 2 h every 10th day over the first 5 mo and 1 d in 4 thereafter. Adult birds travelled westward until July, after which time they moved north within the expanding pack-ice into known areas of high krill concentration before returning eastward toward their breeding sites. Penguin movements over the winter months were closely related to those of sea ice in the region. Ice motion patterns were in turn influenced by gyral oceanic current systems and wind. We propose that large gyral oceanic systems provide a means for Adélie penguins to reduce costs of transport as they travel into regions of high productivity during winter and return to their breeding colonies in spring.

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“…In addition, sea ice algae and bacteria are important in carbon biogeochemistry in polar areas. For instance, ice algae may contribute up to 25% of the annual primary production of ice-covered waters [18] and provide an important food source for grazers, such as krill [19]. In addition, approximately 20 -30% of the primary production in sea ice is cycled through heterotrophic bacteria [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term acclimation to elevated p CO ₂ alters carbon metabolism and reduces growth in the Antarctic diatom Nitzschia lecointei

et al. 2015

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Increasing atmospheric CO 2 levels are driving changes in the seawater carbonate system, resulting in higher pCO 2 and reduced pH (ocean acidification). Many studies on marine organisms have focused on shortterm physiological responses to increased pCO 2 , and few on slow-growing polar organisms with a relative low adaptation potential. In order to recognize the consequences of climate change in biological systems, acclimation and adaptation to new environments are crucial to address. In this study, physiological responses to long-term acclimation (194 days, approx. 60 asexual generations) of three pCO 2 levels (280, 390 and 960 matm) were investigated in the psychrophilic sea ice diatom Nitzschia lecointei. After 147 days, a small reduction in growth was detected at 960 matm pCO 2 . Previous short-term experiments have failed to detect altered growth in N. lecointei at high pCO 2 , which illustrates the importance of experimental duration in studies of climate change. In addition, carbon metabolism was significantly affected by the long-term treatments, resulting in higher cellular release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In turn, the release of labile organic carbon stimulated bacterial productivity in this system. We conclude that long-term acclimation to ocean acidification is important for N. lecointei and that carbon overconsumption and DOC exudation may increase in a high-CO 2 world.

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Direct Observations of the Behavior of Euphausia Superba and Euphausia Crystallorophias (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) Under Pack Ice During the Antarctic Spring of 1985

Cited by 118 publications

References 0 publications

The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective

The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective

Post-fledging and winter migration of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae in the Mawson region of East Antarctica

Long-term acclimation to elevated p CO ₂ alters carbon metabolism and reduces growth in the Antarctic diatom Nitzschia lecointei

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Direct Observations of the Behavior of Euphausia Superba and Euphausia Crystallorophias (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) Under Pack Ice During the Antarctic Spring of 1985

Cited by 118 publications

References 0 publications

The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective

The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective

Post-fledging and winter migration of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae in the Mawson region of East Antarctica

Long-term acclimation to elevated p CO 2 alters carbon metabolism and reduces growth in the Antarctic diatom Nitzschia lecointei

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Long-term acclimation to elevated p CO ₂ alters carbon metabolism and reduces growth in the Antarctic diatom Nitzschia lecointei