Direct plasma stimuli including electrostimulation and OH radical induce transient increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ and uptake of a middle‐size membrane‐impermeable molecule

Abstract

Despite the promising potential of medical treatments based on non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma, most of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

Possible Mechanism of Glucose Uptake Enhanced by Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Atomic Scale Simulations

“…This, in turn, leads to an increase in the probability of glucose permeation to the cell interior. The obtained simulation results can be correlated with the experimental observations [6,9] as the plasma treatment of cells most probably gives rise to oxidation of the cell membrane, thereby increasing the glucose (or other middle-sized molecules, as well as Ca 2+ ) translocation rate. Continuing the motion of glucose towards the hydrophobic tail region leads to an increase of the free energy for translocation, representing the role of the membrane as a permeation barrier.…”

“…The obtained simulation results can be correlated with the experimental observations [6,9] as the plasma treatment of cells most probably gives rise to oxidation of the cell membrane, thereby increasing the glucose (or other middle-sized molecules, as well as Ca 2+ ) translocation rate. Note that our simulations only provide one possible explanation for the increased level of glucose [6] in cells after plasma treatment, while other mechanisms might play a role as well [9][10][11]. Therefore, further investigations should be performed to obtain a more complete picture of the plasma effect on the membrane permeability.…”

“…The latter would clearly reveal the role of cell membrane permeability (induced by CAP oxidation of lipids) in transporting glucose molecules. Note that our simulations only provide one possible explanation for the increased level of glucose [6] in cells after plasma treatment, while other mechanisms might play a role as well [9][10][11]. Therefore, further investigations should be performed to obtain a more complete picture of the plasma effect on the membrane permeability.…”

“…An increase in intracellular ROS and Ca 2+ ions helps to increase the glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells [7,8]. Increases in the Ca 2+ ion concentration as well as the uptake of middle-sized, membrane-impermeable molecules after direct CAP exposure were also observed in [9]. The authors attributed these effects to an increase in cell permeability caused by CAP-generated electric stimulation and the delivery of OH radicals into cells.…”

Continuous release of O2−/ONOO− in plasma‐exposed HEPES‐buffered saline promotes TRP channel‐mediated uptake of a large cation

“…2‐[6‐(4′‐Hydroxy)phenoxy‐3 H ‐xanthen‐3‐on‐9‐yl]benzoic acid (HPF; SK3001‐01; Goryo Chemical, Sapporo, Japan) and 2‐[6‐(4′‐amino)phenoxy‐3 H ‐xanthen‐3‐on‐9‐yl]benzoic acid (APF; SK3001‐02; Goryo Chemical) are highly sensitive to • OH among other reactive species (e.g., O 2 •− , H 2 O 2 , 1 O 2 , and NO). [ 20–22 ] APF is sensitive to peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) and also hypochlorite ion (OCl − ); thus, the difference in selectivity of HPF and APF helps us to speculate the reactive product that is dominantly generated on some assumptions (higher scavenging rates compared with other competitive reactions and negligible decomposition of the probe product). Three milliliters of 10‐μM HPF or APF/HBS was treated and measured.…”