Direct reuse strategies of rare earth permanent magnets for PM electrical machines – an overview study

Li, Ziwei; Kedous‐Lebouc, Afef; Dubus, Jean-Marc; Garbuio, Lauric; Personnaz, Sophie

doi:10.1051/epjap/2019180289

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Reuse involves using an item again, usually for its original purpose or a similar one, without significant processing. More and more manufacturers will design and produce reusable REPMs, and which are more implemented in EVs and wind turbines due to they have large REPM sizes 5,61,62 .…”

Section: Substitution Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional rare-earth element supply and demand balanced with circular economy strategies

Wang,

Yang,

Heidrich

et al. 2024

Nat. Geosci.

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The growing dependence of society on rare earth elements poses a challenge to achieving a just low-carbon transition globally. While circular economy strategies have gained attention, their specific impacts remain unmeasured. Here, we present an integrated model that quantifies how circular economy strategies can reshape global supply chains of the critical rare earth elements -neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium. The model considers both in-ground and in-use stocks from across 10 regions from 2021 to 2050. The projections include the full deployment of three widely-accepted climate scenarios. We find a considerable mismatch between in-ground stocks, supply and demand at specific region and element levels, with the mismatch for heavy rare earth elements a key obstacle for achieving net-zero emission targets. We suggest that, as in-ground stocks decline among mineral suppliers, the accumulation of in-use stocks in consuming regions can foster a more balanced and less polarized geopolitical landscape for rare earth elements. We estimate that circular economy strategies can lead to an increase of 701 kt secondary supply and a decrease of 2,306 kt demand within the next three decades. Implementing these circular economy strategies will require international cooperation in the governance of rare earth elements amid sustainable transition.3 Climate change is a common challenge for the entire world, which requires efforts from nearly all nations for a just low-carbon transition 1,2 . However, the supply of rare earth elements (REEs), especially neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), dysprosium (Dy), and terbium (Tb), as critical raw materials of clean technologies (e.g., electric vehicle (EV), wind power, etc.), are highly concentrated in a few countries [3][4][5][6] . This has sparked "anxiety" about supply security and trade friction, such as in the United States (US) 7 and the European Union (EU) 8 . Furthermore, the uneven distribution of REEs is widely concerned as it may intensify international competition and geopolitical risks, and further impede global climate goals, as noted by some international organizations 9-11 and others 12,13 . To facilitate the transition towards a climate-safe future, it is essential to develop effective strategies for ensuring the stability of global REE supply chains.Unlike fossil fuels, which are "burnt out" and permanently lost once consumed, REEs 14 and other metals are accumulated as in-use stocks that can be "recovered" as alternative supply 15,16 . Given that massive REEs transfer from in-ground stocks (deposits) to in-use stocks (products), there are growing interests in extracting the in-use stocks as secondary supplies 17 . Circular economy (CE) strategies, which have been proposed to reduce supply issues across various critical materials such as cobalt, lithium, etc. 18,19 , can also be applied to the REEs 6,20,21 . Despite various recent attention 5 , the potentials of rare earth (RE) circularity in promoting just low-carbon transition remain uncertain due to li...

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Section: Substitution Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional rare-earth element supply and demand balanced with circular economy strategies

Wang,

Yang,

Heidrich

et al. 2024

Nat. Geosci.

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“…Annually, almost 22% (>26,000 t) of all REEs produced worldwide are utilized in the production of NdFeB magnets. However, only around 1% of the REEs are recycled from EoL products, with the rest deposited as waste and being removed from the materials cycle [35,36]. It is hard to estimate the global annual production of permanent magnets due to their increased inclusion as part of different products and assemblies.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green and Sustainable Rare Earth Element Recycling and Reuse from End-of-Life Permanent Magnets

Cherkezova-Zheleva,

Burada,

Sobetkii (Slobozeanu)

et al. 2024

Metals

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Rare earth elements (REEs) are key materials for the development of renewable energy devices such as high-power magnets for wind turbines, electric vehicles, or fuel cells for hydrogen generation, aiming to fulfill the objectives of the European Green Deal for a carbon-neutral economy. The increased demand for REEs and their criticality strongly require the improvement of their extraction technologies from primary resources and the enhancement of their circularity reuse rate from secondary resources. The aim of this paper is to focus attention on the possibilities offered by emerging methods such as microwave (MW) treatment and mechanochemistry in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) processing and the reuse of end-of-life (EoL) magnets, directed toward the tailoring of rational REE material flows. The discussed investigation examples explore some key features of conventional and new methods for efficient, environmentally friendly, and scalable REE extraction and reuse, with the final goal of producing recycled NdFeB powders, with potential use in the redesign and fabrication of new REE-based magnets.

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“…Debonding is performed using chemicals like NaOH, acetone or dimethylformamide, mineral acids, methylene chloride and dimethyl sulfoxide. 117,124,125 Those chemicals can have negative health and environmental impacts. Also, the process of debonding the magnets may compromise the integrity of the coating material and may necessitate re-coating of the magnets.…”

Section: Direct Reuse Of Ree Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part II—Bonding and Emerging Methods

Cui

Ormerod²,

Parker

et al. 2022

JOM

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Permanent magnets produce magnetic fields and maintain the field even in the presence of an opposing magnetic field. They are widely used in electric machines, electronics, and medical devices. Part I reviews the conventional manufacturing processes for commercial magnets, including Nd-Fe-B, Sm-Co, alnico, and ferrite in cast and sintered forms. In Part II, bonding, emerging advanced manufacturing processes, as well as magnet recycling methods are briefly reviewed for their current status, challenges, and future directions.

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Direct reuse strategies of rare earth permanent magnets for PM electrical machines – an overview study

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Regional rare-earth element supply and demand balanced with circular economy strategies

Regional rare-earth element supply and demand balanced with circular economy strategies

Green and Sustainable Rare Earth Element Recycling and Reuse from End-of-Life Permanent Magnets

Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part II—Bonding and Emerging Methods

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