Traditional synthesis techniques that use perilous solvents and poisonous precursors give rise to environmental and health apprehensions. This research explores sustainable methods of synthesizing materials utilizing environmentally friendly substances to tackle these difficulties. The synthesis of perovskite films was carried out utilizing environmentally friendly solvents, namely ethanol and water, and lead-free or recycled precursors, under optimum circumstances. An assessment was conducted on the efficiency of solar cell devices made from environmentally friendly perovskite materials. The results showed that these devices achieved efficiencies ranging from 11.8% to 13.1%, open-circuit voltages between 0.72 V and 0.78 V, short-circuit current densities from 17.8 mA/cm² to 18.5 mA/cm², and fill factors ranging from 76% to 80%. Material characterization demonstrated that the green perovskite films exhibited similar properties to traditionally produced films, including comparable bandgaps, crystallinity percentages, surface areas, and absorption peaks. The use of life cycle assessment (LCA) measures revealed significant decreases in energy consumption, waste production, and CO2 emissions linked to green synthesis techniques, hence highlighting the positive environmental effects. By using sustainable synthesis procedures, there was a significant improvement in environmental performance. Specifically, energy consumption decreased by 25%, trash production reduced by 20%, and CO2 emissions decreased by 30% compared to traditional methods. The results emphasize the capacity of green synthesis techniques to increase the sustainability of perovskite solar cells, without compromising or even enhancing device performance. In summary, this study makes a significant contribution to the progress of perovskite technology that is ecologically sustainable and offers vital insights for the advancement of renewable energy solutions.
