“…aerogels, 10 mats, 8 membranes 15 ) and a single fiber structure ( e.g. doping, 16,17 nanograin–glass, 18,19 brick–mortar, 11 nanofiber/bead-based 15 and core–shell 20,21 ). Most existing pure ceramic nanofibrous materials possess excellent flexibility and compression properties, but the poor tensile properties make them suffer from transient structural fracture or slip under very small tensile strain, which greatly restricts their applications in extreme environments.…”