Directional Biomechanical Properties of Porcine Skin Tissue

Huang, Hsiao‐Ying Shadow; Huang, Siyao; Frazier, Colin P.; Prim, Peter M.; Harrysson, Ola L. A.

doi:10.1142/s0219519414500699

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The biaxial loading study evaluated the stiffness in both directions by determining the gradient of a straight line fitted to the stress-strain data points corresponding to strain 30-35 %. It was found that the stiffness in the 'preferred-fibre' direction is greater than that in the 'cross-fibre' direction (Huang et al 2014), in good agreement with those derived from uniaxial tests (Ní Annaidh et al 2012) and our study. The biaxial loading study reveals that the stiffnesses are five order of magnitudes smaller than those derived from uniaxial tests, but this is not surprisingly for three reasons that are mainly related to the approach used in the study: (i) preconditioning (involved loading-unloading, but without a stress relaxation stage, for each specimen), (ii) extent of the stretching (the specimens were not stretched as far as ours) and (iii) bidirectional distribution of the load (the corresponding stresses, which are also five order of magnitudes smaller than those derived from uniaxial tests, are distributed to fibres in both directions instead of to those in a single direction).…”

Section: Comparison With Literature Findingssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Of course, the contribution of anisotropy to the respective mechanical properties can also be established by subjecting the skin to biaxial loading (Huang et al 2014). In this case, the analysis is slightly more complicated.…”

Section: Comparison With Literature Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This assumes that the specimen is not required to be tested to rupture. For this purpose, Huang et al have cleverly exploited the symmetry of this approach by using three testing angles: 0 • , 30 • and 60 • (Huang et al 2014). However, this method is not feasible for our study because our specimens were intended to be tested to rupture in order to be able to assess both elastic (E) and fracture-related properties (σ U , ε U ).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resolving the viscoelasticity and anisotropy dependence of the mechanical properties of skin from a porcine model

Wong

Joyce

Goh

2015

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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The mechanical response of skin to external loads is influenced by anisotropy and viscoelasticity of the tissue, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a study of the main effects of tissue orientation (TO, which is linked to anisotropy) and strain rate (SR, a measure of viscoelasticity), as well as the interaction effects between the two factors, on the tensile properties of skin from a porcine model. Tensile testing to rupture of porcine skin tissue was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the tissue modulus of elasticity (E) and fracture-related properties, namely maximum stress (σU) and strain (εU) at σU, to varying SR and TO. Specimens were excised from the abdominal skin in two orientations, namely parallel (P) and right angle (R) to the torso midline. Each TO was investigated at three SR levels, namely 0.007-0.015 s(-1) (low), 0.040 s(-1) (mid) and 0.065 s(-1) (high). Two-factor analysis of variance revealed that the respective parameters responded differently to varying SR and TO. Significant changes in the σU were observed with different TOs but not with SR. The εU decreased significantly with increasing SR, but no significant variation was observed for different TOs. Significant changes in E were observed with different TOs; E increased significantly with increasing SR. More importantly, the respective mechanical parameters were not significantly influenced by interactions between SR and TO. These findings suggest that the trends associated with the changes in the skin mechanical properties may be attributed partly to differences in the anisotropy and viscoelasticity but not through any interaction between viscoelasticity and anisotropy.

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Section: Comparison With Literature Findingssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Comparison With Literature Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Resolving the viscoelasticity and anisotropy dependence of the mechanical properties of skin from a porcine model

Wong

Joyce

Goh

2015

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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“…Arora et al have chosen agarose gel as a model tissue material to study the penetration of pulsed micro‐jets. Some discussions on the rheology of these materials, which mostly relate to dynamic stress–strain relationship, can be found in the literature . We choose to determine the rheological properties in‐house as it provides us the option to control the conditions under which they are measured.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microneedle Assisted Micro-Particle Delivery from Gene Guns: Experiments Using Skin-Mimicking Agarose Gel

Zhang

Das

Rielly

2014

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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A set of laboratory experiments has been carried out to determine if micro‐needles (MNs) can enhance penetration depths of high‐speed micro‐particles delivered by a type of gene gun. The micro‐particles were fired into a model target material, agarose gel, which was prepared to mimic the viscoelastic properties of porcine skin. The agarose gel was chosen as a model target as it can be prepared as a homogeneous and transparent medium with controllable and reproducible properties allowing accurate determination of penetration depths. Insertions of various MNs into gels have been analysed to show that the length of the holes increases with an increase in the agarose concentration. The penetration depths of micro‐particle were analysed in relation to a number of variables, namely the operating pressure, the particle size, the size of a mesh used for particle separation and the MN dimensions. The results suggest that the penetration depths increase with an increase of the mesh pore size, because of the passage of large agglomerates. As these particles seem to damage the target surface, then smaller mesh sizes are recommended; here, a mesh with a pore size of 178 μm was used for the majority of the experiments. The operating pressure provides a positive effect on the penetration depth, that is it increases as pressure is increased. Further, as expected, an application of MNs maximises the micro‐particle penetration depth. The maximum penetration depth is found to increase as the lengths of the MNs increase, for example it is found to be 1272 ± 42, 1009 ± 49 and 656 ± 85 μm at 4.5 bar pressure for spherical micro‐particles of 18 ± 7 μm diameter when we used MNs of 1500, 1200 and 750 μm length, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:613–627, 2014

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“…The non-linear and anisotropic mechanical behaviors of aortic and pulmonary valve leaflet tissues have been comprehensively quantified and constitutively modeled via biaxial testing [9][10][11][12][13][14]63]. It has been observed that progressive collagen fiber rotation into the principal direction of loading, uncrimping, and transverse compaction collectively enable the tissue to withstand diastolic transvalvular pressure [10][11][12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of matrix-to-cell stress transfer in heart valve tissues

Huang

2014

J Biol Phys

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Non-linear and anisotropic heart valve leaflet tissue mechanics manifest principally from the stratification, orientation, and inhomogeneity of their collagenous microstructures. Disturbance of the native collagen fiber network has clear consequences for valve and leaflet tissue mechanics and presumably, by virtue of their intimate embedment, on the valvular interstitial cell stress-strain state and concomitant phenotype. In the current study, a set of virtual biaxial stretch experiments were conducted on porcine pulmonary valve leaflet tissue photomicrographs via an image-based finite element approach. Stress distribution evolution during diastolic valve closure was predicted at both the tissue and cellular levels. Orthotropic material properties consistent with distinct stages of diastolic loading were applied. Virtual experiments predicted tissue-and cellular-level stress fields, providing insight into how matrix-to-cell stress transfer may be influenced by the inhomogeneous collagen fiber architecture, tissue anisotropic material properties, and the cellular distribution within the leaflet tissue. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the evolution of stress fields at both the tissue and cellular levels in valvular tissue and thus contributes toward refining our collective understanding of valvular tissue micromechanics while providing a computational tool enabling the further study of valvular cell-matrix interactions.

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Directional Biomechanical Properties of Porcine Skin Tissue

Cited by 12 publications

References 39 publications

Resolving the viscoelasticity and anisotropy dependence of the mechanical properties of skin from a porcine model

Resolving the viscoelasticity and anisotropy dependence of the mechanical properties of skin from a porcine model

Microneedle Assisted Micro-Particle Delivery from Gene Guns: Experiments Using Skin-Mimicking Agarose Gel

Prediction of matrix-to-cell stress transfer in heart valve tissues

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