Disability and Employment Policy in Canada: National Policy Variation for Working Age Individuals

Abstract

This article analyses and compares disability policies for working-age individuals in Canada with a focus on the mode of policy provision and type of measure to determine the degree to which direct funding is used in this country. To consider policy diversity in this federal system, policies are compared using a mixed-methods approach. Using quantitative methods, federal, provincial and territorial policies are first compared using hierarchical cluster analysis. This provides evidence of three distinct clusters in Canada according to policy provision and measure type. In a second, qualitative analysis, the disability strategies of four provinces’ (British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec) are compared, to determine over arching policy orientations. Findings indicate that policy provision in Canada largely favours money over services. Furthermore, most provinces emphasize either health or integration measures over substantive measures. Despite these commonalities, significant variation persists across Canada. This extends to poverty and disability reduction strategies with two of the four provinces having a broader orientation while the other two provinces focus specifically on employment as a means of social inclusion. The article concludes with a discussion on the state of employment policies for individuals with a disability in Canada.

The Canada Disability Benefit: Battling Ableism in Design and Implementation

“…That adults with disabilities experience disproportionate risks of poverty is well-documented in the literature (Ballantyne et al, 2016;Bentley & Barr, 2018;Dinan & Boucher, 2021;Wall, 2017). Furthermore, actual rates of material hardship and deprivation may be underestimated by standard poverty metrics that fail to account for the unique costs faced by persons with disabilities or differences in their family composition compared to other Canadians (Scott et al, 2022).…”