Disability trends in gender and race groups of early retirement ages in the USA

Arbeev, Konstantin G.; Butov, A. A.; Mantón, Kenneth G.; Sannikov, Igor; Yashin, Anatoli I.

doi:10.1007/s00038-004-3041-y

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Crimmins (2004) argues the most severe physical disability is an inability to provide self-care and is measured by activities of daily living (ADL) including: bathing or showering, dressing, eating, getting in or out of bed or chairs, walking, and using the toilet. Examining five waves of the National Long Term Care Survey from 1982 to 1999, Arbeev et al (2004) found the highest ADL disability prevalence among black women age 70 and higher (22 to 27 percent) followed by white women (16 to 18 percent). ADL disability prevalence for black and white men was significantly lower, 16 to 23 percent and 10 to 13 percent, respectively.…”

Section: Disparities In Chronic Diseases Impairments and Disabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in disability life expectancy in us birth cohorts: The influence of sex and race

Soneji

2006

Biodemography and Social Biology

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Racial and sex disparities in chronic diseases and mortality are sources of health inequality and have been observed from infancy to adulthood. Disparities in health and mortality contribute to corresponding disparities in healthy life. I address two previously unanswered questions in the aging literature. First, does the racial and sex gap in healthy life narrow, persist, or expand over age and time, particularly considering severity of ill health, among the oldest old? Second, do some race-sex groups of birth cohorts live not just longer lives, but longer healthier lives, while others spend additional years in illness? To estimate the quantities, I employ a refined definition of physical disability and apply a new extension of Sullivan's method to true birth cohorts. The results suggest among the oldest old, few racial or sex disparities exist over age and time in mild disability. Yet, racial and sex disparities persist over age and time in severe disability.

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Section: Disparities In Chronic Diseases Impairments and Disabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in disability life expectancy in us birth cohorts: The influence of sex and race

Soneji

2006

Biodemography and Social Biology

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“…Many demographic and epidemiological studies explore the effects of chronological age, race/ethnicity, and sex on mortality rates and susceptibility to chronic disease [ 1 – 5 ], but it remains an open research question whether race/ethnicity and sex affect molecular markers of aging directly. To what extent clinical biomarkers of inflammation, dyslipidemia, and immune senescence relate to cellular markers of aging also remains an open question.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An epigenetic clock analysis of race/ethnicity, sex, and coronary heart disease

et al. 2016

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BackgroundEpigenetic biomarkers of aging (the “epigenetic clock”) have the potential to address puzzling findings surrounding mortality rates and incidence of cardio-metabolic disease such as: (1) women consistently exhibiting lower mortality than men despite having higher levels of morbidity; (2) racial/ethnic groups having different mortality rates even after adjusting for socioeconomic differences; (3) the black/white mortality cross-over effect in late adulthood; and (4) Hispanics in the United States having a longer life expectancy than Caucasians despite having a higher burden of traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors.ResultsWe analyzed blood, saliva, and brain samples from seven different racial/ethnic groups. We assessed the intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration of blood (independent of blood cell counts) and the extrinsic epigenetic aging rates of blood (dependent on blood cell counts and tracks the age of the immune system). In blood, Hispanics and Tsimane Amerindians have lower intrinsic but higher extrinsic epigenetic aging rates than Caucasians. African-Americans have lower extrinsic epigenetic aging rates than Caucasians and Hispanics but no differences were found for the intrinsic measure. Men have higher epigenetic aging rates than women in blood, saliva, and brain tissue.ConclusionsEpigenetic aging rates are significantly associated with sex, race/ethnicity, and to a lesser extent with CHD risk factors, but not with incident CHD outcomes. These results may help elucidate lower than expected mortality rates observed in Hispanics, older African-Americans, and women.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1030-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Despite multiple public health efforts, racial disparities in health outcomes persist . African Americans are more likely to have higher rates of physical disability than Caucasians . In a study of high‐functioning elderly women, African Americans who were preclinically disabled were more likely to be disabled 18 months later as compared to their Caucasian counterparts .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1 African Americans are more likely to have higher rates of physical disability than Caucasians. 2,3 In a study of high-functioning elderly women, African Americans who were preclinically disabled were more likely to be disabled 18 months later as compared to their Caucasian counterparts. 4 Socioeconomic status (SES) may explain these differences, as several studies have suggested, although other studies have shown that differences persist after adjustment for SES.…”

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confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Gait Velocity in an Urban Elderly Cohort

Blanco

Lipton

Putterman

et al. 2012

J American Geriatrics Society

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Background/ Objectives Gait Velocity (GV) is predictive of hospitalizations and mortality in the elderly. In the US, elderly African Americans have higher rates of physical disability compared to Caucasians. Few studies have investigated if there are racial differences in GV in the elderly. Design We performed a cross sectional analysis to investigate racial differences in GV. Setting/Participants Participants were part of the Einstein Aging Study, a longitudinal study of community-residing elderly in the Bronx, NY. They were recruited using Medicare and voter registration records. Records of 213 participants were analyzed. Measurements Demographics, medical history, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Blessed Information Memory Concentration Test, and the Total Pain Index (TPI) were collected. GV was measured using the GAITrite® mat. Results We included 157 Caucasians and 56 African Americans. Caucasians were older (median 79.9y v 75.5y, p<0.01), more educated (median 14y v 12y, p<0.01) and had lower BMIs (mean 26.9±4.3 v 28.9±6.4, p=0.03). African Americans had higher proportions of female participants (80.4% v 59.9%, p<0.01) and diabetes (28.6% v 13.4%, p=0.01). Neither group had significantly higher pain levels. African Americans had a significantly slower GV (mean 90.2±17.9 v 99.1±20.1 cm/sec, p<0.01). This difference persists despite adjusting for multiple covariates. A 7.79 cm /sec slower gait speed in African Americans versus Caucasians was not explained by differences in common factors known to influence gait. Conclusion Differences in GV persist between African Americans and Caucasians despite adjusting for many confounders. Increases of just 10cm/sec are associated with reduced mortality. Further studies are needed to evaluate if there are modifiable risk factors that potentially explain this difference and if an intervention could reduce the discrepancy between the groups.

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Disability trends in gender and race groups of early retirement ages in the USA

Abstract: Americans aged 65-69 years manifest a significant improvement in health over the 1980s-1990s but the dynamics differs in gender and race groups. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Disparities in disability life expectancy in us birth cohorts: The influence of sex and race

Disparities in disability life expectancy in us birth cohorts: The influence of sex and race

An epigenetic clock analysis of race/ethnicity, sex, and coronary heart disease

Racial Differences in Gait Velocity in an Urban Elderly Cohort

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