Disaccharide malabsorption and dietary patterns in two Canadian Eskimo communities

Ellestad-Sayed, J J; Haworth, J. C.; Hildes, J. A.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/31.8.1473

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The absence of domesticated ungulate reservoirs before European colonization very likely circumvented the presence of zoonotic brucellosis in the New World. This is revealed by the close to 100% lactose intolerance of adult Amerindians and in Inuit people (Alzate et al, 1969; Ellestad-Sayed et al, 1978; Sahi, 1994). Thus, it is unlikely that American inhabitants – who populated the continent between 12000 and 4000 ya – ingested milk from potential Brucella infected wild life ungulates such as bison, muskox, elk, or caribou.…”

Section: The Emergence Of Zoonotic Brucellosismentioning

confidence: 98%

Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis

2014

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Members of the genus Brucella are pathogenic bacteria exceedingly well adapted to their hosts. The bacterium is transmitted by direct contact within the same host species or accidentally to secondary hosts, such as humans. Human brucellosis is strongly linked to the management of domesticated animals and ingestion of their products. Since the domestication of ungulates and dogs in the Fertile Crescent and Asia in 12000 and 33000 ya, respectively, a steady supply of well adapted emergent Brucella pathogens causing zoonotic disease has been provided. Likewise, anthropogenic modification of wild life may have also impacted host susceptibility and Brucella selection. Domestication and human influence on wild life animals are not neutral phenomena. Consequently, Brucella organisms have followed their hosts’ fate and have been selected under conditions that favor high transmission rate. The “arm race” between Brucella and their preferred hosts has been driven by genetic adaptation of the bacterium confronted with the evolving immune defenses of the host. Management conditions, such as clustering, selection, culling, and vaccination of Brucella preferred hosts have profound influences in the outcome of brucellosis and in the selection of Brucella organisms. Countries that have controlled brucellosis systematically used reliable smooth live vaccines, consistent immunization protocols, adequate diagnostic tests, broad vaccination coverage and sustained removal of the infected animals. To ignore and misuse tools and strategies already available for the control of brucellosis may promote the emergence of new Brucella variants. The unrestricted use of low-efficacy vaccines may promote a “false sense of security” and works towards selection of Brucella with higher virulence and transmission potential.

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Section: The Emergence Of Zoonotic Brucellosismentioning

confidence: 98%

Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis

2014

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“…Clinical studies of relatively homogenous selected populations have yielded high rates of CSID, ranging from 5% to 10% in Greenland Eskimos, 3% to 7% in Canadian native peoples, and about 3% in Alaskans of native ancestry (13,14); however, estimates of the prevalence of CSID in other North American and European populations generally range from 1 in 500 to 1 in 2000 among non-Hispanic whites, with a lower prevalence in African Americans and whites of Hispanic descent. These studies evolved from older studies of intestinal disaccharidase levels in adult patients undergoing endoscopy for gastrointestinal symptoms (15,16).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Csidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Aspects and Treatment of Congenital Sucrase‐Isomaltase Deficiency

Treem

2012

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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“…The predicted homozygosity rate for this mutation, 1.4%-4.5%, is just below previous prevalence estimates of 5%-10%. 10,11 Factors likely to account for the difference could include sampling bias, geographic variations in allele frequency or the presence of other (as-yet unidentified) mutations. Although our study sample spanned the Canadian Arctic, allele frequencies are likely to vary regionally and by population, and further study is required to assess the geography of congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 In the region now known as Nunavut, the combined prevalence of congenital sucraseisomaltase deficiency at 2 sites (Repulse Bay and Chesterfield Inlet) has been estimated at 7% in a study from 1978. 11 Small case series further…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%