Disapproved, but Tolerated: The Role of Respect in Outgroup Tolerance

Simon, Bernd; Schaefer, Christoph Daniel; Reininger, Klaus Michael; Zitzmann, Steffen; Smith, Heather J.

doi:10.1177/0146167218787810

Cited by 34 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The acceptance of the existence and equal rights of outgroup beliefs and practices (“respecting the right to hold particular differences”) is not necessarily the same as considering these beliefs and practices as being equally valid (“respecting the difference”): “respecting people is entirely compatible with thinking their views are wrong, confused, irrational, or wicked” (Crane, , p. 181). In research among Tea Party supporters (Simon et al., ) and among Muslims living in Germany (Simon & Schaefer, , ; Simon et al., ), it was found that respect for homosexuals and religious outgroup members (Muslims and atheists, respectively) as equal fellow citizens goes together with tolerance for those outgroups. Furthermore, respecting people as having intrinsic worth simply as a function of being persons has been found to be associated with stronger positive action tendencies and weaker negative action tendencies toward ethnic and religious (Muslim) minority outgroups (Lalljee, Tam, Hewstone, Laham, & Lee, ).…”

Section: Prejudice and Disapprovalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toleration and prejudice‐reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations

Verkuyten

Yogeeswaran

Adelman

2019

Euro J Social Psych

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While a large body of social psychological research has shed light on the nature of prejudice and how to reduce it, we argue that such work does not address situations of cultural or religious outgroup beliefs and practices that are considered incompatible with one's own. The present theoretical article contrasts a prejudice‐reduction approach with a toleration‐based approach to consider the differences each have with regard to the attitude object they focus upon, the perceived reasonableness of the attitude, and the behavioral consequences each may lead to. In doing so, we consider the psychological processes involved in whether the negative attitude leads to negative actions. We conclude by arguing that a toleration‐based approach forms an important addition to the psychological thinking about cultural diversity and intergroup relations. Collectively, the present work makes a novel contribution to the social psychological literature by stimulating theory development and raising novel questions for empirical research.

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Section: Prejudice and Disapprovalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toleration and prejudice‐reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations

Verkuyten

Yogeeswaran

Adelman

2019

Euro J Social Psych

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“…So notes the importance of informing about the history, culture of various groups, human races (King, 2008). Summarizing the following position (Simon et al, 2018), we note that a benevolent, respectful attitude in a group has a positive effect on attitudes towards other groups. The practical significance lies in the fact that it is important to form a favorable microclimate within the group so that its members are tolerant of others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Formation of Social Tolerance Among Future Teachers

2018

European Journal of Contemporary Education

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The formation of tolerance among young people has recently become an important aspect in the research of scientists of the psychological and pedagogical direction. This is due to a number of aggressive manifestations that are unacceptable for modern society in students of schools and universities. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to develop a scheme for the formation of tolerance to asocial phenomena and experimentally prove its effectiveness in the process of professional pedagogical education. The research was conducted by 72 students-future teachers with the use of the author's scheme for the formation of social tolerance in the holistic educational process at the university. The peculiarity of the author's development was the use of interactive teaching methods and methods of the theory of solving inventive problems. For statistical evidence of the effectiveness of the implementation of the author's research, the Wilcoxon T-test was used. The practical implementation of the experiment showed the effectiveness of the author's development in forming students' tolerance for differences in society, culture, behavior that does not go beyond legal norms, and intolerance for violation of moral norms of behavior in society.

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“…An agenda for future research can also be derived on the basis of potential interrelationships between respect, identification, and tolerance. Previous research found that respect from (disapproved) outgroups predicts respect for these outgroups as well as tolerance towards these outgroups (Simon, Eschert, et al, 2019;Simon & Schaefer, 2018). Future research could investigate to what degree respect from other sources (ingroup and society) has similar effects.…”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…As predictor variables, we assessed iii three sources of respect at Time 1 and respect for a disapproved outgroup at Time 1 as well as at Time 2. Specifically, respect from society as a whole, from (the disapproved outgroup of) homosexuals in the U.S., as well as from the (wider ingroup of) conservatives iv in the U.S. were measured each with two items adapted from previous research (Simon, Eschert, et al, 2019;Simon & Grabow, 2014;Simon & Schaefer, 2016, 2018. Respondents provided straightforward ratings whether "the U.S. population in general", "homosexuals in the U.S.", or "conservatives in the U.S." respect them (i.e., direct respect measurement: "Are Tea Party supporters respected by the following groups?").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We build on conceptions that recognize disapproval or disagreement as a "definitional condition" for tolerance (Gibson, Duch, & Tedin, 1992, p. 338;Simon & Schaefer, 2016;Verkuyten & Yogeeswaran, 2017), as it would make little sense to say we tolerate something that we already approve of or even appreciate (see Scanlon, 2003). As argued by Forst (2013) and demonstrated in social psychological research (Simon, Eschert, et al, 2019;Simon & Schaefer, 2016, 2018, respect for others as equal members of society restrains people's disapproval of others and thus makes tolerance possible. Tolerance thus is the combination of respect and disapproval.…”

Section: The Positive Effects Of Respectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of respect: Evidence from two different national and political contexts

Reininger

Schaefer

Zitzmann

et al. 2020

J. Soc. Polit. Psych.

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In (post-)modern, plural societies, consisting of numerous subgroups, mutual respect between groups plays a central role for a constructive social and political life. In this article, we examine whether group members’ perception of being respected by outgroups fosters respect for these outgroups. In Study 1, we employed a panel sample of supporters of the Tea Party movement in the United States (N = 422). In Study 2, we employed a panel sample of members of the LGBTI community in Germany (N = 262). As disapproved target outgroups, we chose in Study 1 homosexuals in the United States, while in Study 2, we chose supporters of the German populist, right-wing political party „Alternative für Deutschland“. Our studies thus constituted a complementary, nearly symmetrical constellation of a liberal group and a conservative political group each. Among Tea Party movement supporters, respect from a disapproved outgroup consistently predicted respect for that outgroup. Among German LGBTI community members, this effect of respect from a disapproved outgroup was found in some of our analyses. For this latter sample, there was furthermore a tendency of societal respect to predict respect for a disapproved outgroup longitudinally. Additionally, we observed for both of our samples that respect from other ingroup members decreased respect for a disapproved outgroup. The dynamics of mutual respect in these two complementary intergroup contexts are discussed as well as the importance of direct intergroup reciprocity and superordinate group membership as routes to mutual respect.

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Disapproved, but Tolerated: The Role of Respect in Outgroup Tolerance

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Toleration and prejudice‐reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations

Toleration and prejudice‐reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations

Formation of Social Tolerance Among Future Teachers

Dynamics of respect: Evidence from two different national and political contexts

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