“…Fourth, if group debriefing were, in fact, efficacious, then nonrandomized studies comparing groups of debriefed subjects with matched groups of nondebriefed subjects should confirm the superiority of group debriefing. However, such studies have indicated either no effect on PTSD symptoms (e.g., Hytten & Hasle, 1989) or slightly adverse effects (e.g., Carlier et al, 1998; but see Wee et al, 1999, for a possible exception). Everly and Mitchell (1999) have claimed that CISD was never "meant to be a stand alone technique" (p. 93).…”