Discerning the Role of the Hydroxyproline Residue in the Structure of Conantokin Rl-B and Its Role in GluN2B Subunit-Selective Antagonistic Activity toward N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors

Abstract

Conantokins (con) are short γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)-containing polypeptides expressed by marine snails that function as antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) ion channels. The Gla residues govern structural conformations and antagonistic activities of the conantokins. In addition to Gla, some conantokins, e.g., conRl-B, also contain a hydroxyproline (HyP or O) residue, which in this case is centrally located in the peptide at position 10. Because conRl-B specifically inhibits ion channels of GluN2B subunit-containing heterotetrameric NMDARs, we evaluated the unusual role of HyP in this effect. To accomplish this goal, we examined synthetic variants of conRl-B in which HyP was either deleted (conRl-B[ΔO]) or replaced with alanine (conRl-B[OA]) or proline (conRl-B[OP]). The solution structures of these variants were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Deletion of HyP, or replacement of HyP with Ala, attenuated the distortion in the central region of the apo-conRl-B helix and allowed Mg-complexed end-to-end α-helix formation. The inhibitory properties of these variants were assessed by measuring NMDA/Gly-stimulated intracellular Ca influx in mice neurons. ConRl-B[OP] retained its NMDAR ion channel inhibitory activity in wild-type (WT) neurons but lost its GluN2B specificity, whereas conRl-B[ΔO] showed overall diminished inhibitory function. ConRl-B[OA] showed attenuated inhibitory function but retained its GluN2B specificity. Thus, HyP plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of conRl-B, which can be correlated with its GluN2B subunit-selective inhibition. Weakened inhibition by conRl-B was also observed in neurons lacking either the GluN2C or GluN2D subunit, compared to WT neurons. This suggests that GluN2C and GluN2D are also required for inhibition by conRl-B.

Conotoxins: Chemistry and Biology

“…The structure of Conus rolani conantokin-RlB was determined by NMR and revealed a kink in the middle of the helix, which was induced by a hydroxyproline. 153 The replacement of this hydroxyproline by a proline or an alanine dramatically reduced its bioactivity.…”

“…The chelation of magnesium ions by γ-carboxyglutamate side chains controls the conformation of the conantokins and their activity at the GluN2B NMDA receptor. The structure of Conus rolani conantokin-RlB was determined by NMR and revealed a kink in the middle of the helix, which was induced by a hydroxyproline . The replacement of this hydroxyproline by a proline or an alanine dramatically reduced its bioactivity.…”