Discharge of swine wastes risks water quality and food safety: Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from swine sources to the receiving environments

Biological HRPs in wastewater

“…Recently, extensive use and abuse of antibiotics may induce the development of ARGs and ARB in the environment, which has conferred enormous and complicated impacts on human health and environmental safety (Blaser, 2011;He et al, 2016;Rizzo et al, 2013). As early as in 2004, American scholars Rysz and Alvarez (2004) considered ARGs as a new type of environmental pollutants.…”

“…The use of antibiotics in aquaculture system and livestock breeding could increase the potential risk of antibiotic resistance in products and ecosystems (He et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2015). Increasing studies have shown that aquaculture and animal farms are important sources of ARB and ARGs in the water environment, where ARB and ARGs are abundant and may infect humans through the food chain Jia et al, 2017).…”

Application of genomic technologies to measure and monitor antibiotic resistance in animals

“…More than 50% of produced antibiotics have been administered in animal farms for preventing disease and promoting animal growth rather than treating infections, resulting in the enrichment of ARGs in animal microbiomes . The intestinal bacteria of animals have been recognized as one particularly important reservoir contributing to the widespread dissemination of ARGs in the environment . ARGs in animal feces, animal farm wastewater, and associated environments have been detected with comparatively high diversity and abundance, and ARGs can spread from animals to humans via various pathways .…”

“…The intestinal bacteria of animals have been recognized as one particularly important reservoir contributing to the widespread dissemination of ARGs in the environment . ARGs in animal feces, animal farm wastewater, and associated environments have been detected with comparatively high diversity and abundance, and ARGs can spread from animals to humans via various pathways . Although the increase in the number, diversity, and resistant phenotypes of clinical pathogens directly threatens human and animal health, many ARGs have come from environmental nonpathogenic sources, and exchange of ARGs has been observed between environmental bacteria and human pathogens .…”

Preliminary Investigation on the Resistance of Some Environmental Bacteria in Yola Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria, to Biocides and Antibiotics

“…This leads to changes in quality of water, soil, and air, consequently affecting floral and fauna (1). The types and number of microorganisms in an environment are influenced by environmental characteristics and the substances that are introduced in the environment (1,2). These substances may either inhibit or stimulate the growth of the microorganisms (2).…”