Disclosure through Face-to-Face and Instant Messaging Modalities: Psychological and Physiological Effects

Iacovelli, Anthony; Johnson, C. Merle

doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.3.225

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The online disinhibition effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals disclose information to a greater extent online, as compared to face-to-face (Suler, 2001). It has been suggested that self-disclosure in online therapy is more consistent than in face-to-face sessions, as people feel freer to express themselves in this context (Iacovelli and Johnson, 2012;Nguyen et al, 2012), and this idea was reflected in the present study.…”

Section: Distance and Spacesupporting

confidence: 59%

Expectations and Experiences of Couples Receiving Therapy Through Videoconferencing: A Qualitative Study

et al. 2020

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Videoconferencing is an emerging medium through which psychological therapy, including relationship interventions for couples, can be delivered. Understanding clients' expectations and experiences of receiving therapy through this medium is important for optimizing future delivery. This study used a qualitative methodology to explore the expectations and experiences of couples throughout the process of the Couple CARE program, which was delivered through videoconferencing. Fifteen couples participated in semi-structured interviews during the first and last sessions of the intervention. The interviews were conducted using the iChat program, with the therapist conducting the first interview and an external interviewer conducting the second. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes from the interview transcripts. Five themes were identified from the pre-therapy interviews, reflecting couples' initial impressions and expectations: new experience, comparison, practical aspects, connection and dynamics, and distance and space. Couples' experiences were explored in the eight themes from the post-therapy interviews: technicalities, the idea of "distance," satisfaction and comfort, confidentiality, comparisons, new experience, expectations change, and working alliance. Overall, the present study found that couples experienced a positive shift in expectations. Despite some initial concerns regarding the therapist's ability to empathize over a screen and the potential for the technology to break down, many clients noted that videoconferencing allowed them to become fully immersed in the therapeutic process. In fact, many couples felt that videoconferencing created an element of 'distance' from the therapist that allowed them to feel a greater sense of control and comfort. Couples consistently described being able to effectively connect with the therapist, and that the video actually enhanced the therapeutic alliance, due to a greater perceived focus on therapy processes. Overall, despite some initial concerns, the majority of couples found the videoconferencing experience to be beneficial and positive.

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Section: Distance and Spacesupporting

confidence: 59%

Expectations and Experiences of Couples Receiving Therapy Through Videoconferencing: A Qualitative Study

et al. 2020

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“…Guided writers tended to select less private or stressful topics, which attenuated their negative emotions, particularly the expression of anger, and interfered with potential stress reduction. Although instant messaging with a friend about one’s problems may be beneficial (Dolev-Cohen & Barak, 2013), our findings are consistent with those of Iacovelli and Johnson (2012) who found that one session of instant message disclosure of feelings after watching a disturbing video was less effective in reducing physiological arousal less face-to-face disclosure. The early “confession study” of Pennebaker, Hughes, and O’Heeron (1987), which involved disclosing to an unknown person behind a screen, found that such an arrangement also inhibited people from disclosing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Computer-based written emotional disclosure: the effects of advance or real-time guidance and moderation by Big 5 personality traits

Beyer

Lumley

Latsch

et al. 2013

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

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Standard written emotional disclosure (WED) about stress, which is private and unguided, yields small health benefits. The effect of providing individualized guidance to writers may enhance WED, but has not been tested. This trial of computer-based WED compared two novel therapist-guided forms of WED—advance guidance (before sessions) or real-time guidance (during sessions, through instant messaging)—to both standard WED and control writing; it also tested Big 5 personality traits as moderators of guided WED. Young adult participants (n = 163) with unresolved stressful experiences were randomized to conditions, had three, 30-min computer-based writing sessions, and were reassessed 6 weeks later. Contrary to hypotheses, real-time guidance WED had poorer outcomes than the other conditions on several measures, and advance guidance WED also showed some poorer outcomes. Moderator analyses revealed that participants with low baseline agreeableness, low extraversion, or high conscientiousness had relatively poor responses to guidance. We conclude that providing guidance for WED, especially in real-time, may interfere with emotional processing of unresolved stress, particularly for people whose personalities have poor fit with this interactive form of WED.

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“…Following the clip, participants were asked to spend three minutes writing about their experience of the film (written reflection task). Participants were tasked with reflecting on the thoughts and feelings about the film they watched, as well as how they did or did not identify with the film (instructions for this task were adapted from Iacovelli & Johnson, 2012). Participants were presented with these written reflection prompts at the top of the page and then were asked to respond to them in one continuous essay over the course of four minutes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating minority stress: Validation of a novel film-based minority stress induction with lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.

Dyk¹,

Hahn²,

Scott³

et al. 2023

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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Minority stress experiences have been linked to sexual minority individuals' disproportionately high incidence of mental and physical health concerns relative to heterosexuals. However, an absence of experimental methods for manipulating minority stress in laboratory settings limits the potential to draw causal links between minority stress and health outcomes. We describe the development and preliminary validation of a short, novel film-based minority stress induction in 3 studies (N = 686). Study 1 was conducted online with a sample of sexual minority adults and demonstrated the ability of the minority stress induction to induce negative emotional responses. Study 2 compared the induction to a neutral control in a sample of heterosexual and sexual minority adults and showed the induction's unique emotional impact on sexual minorities. Study 3 used sexual minorities' qualitative responses to the induction to demonstrate its ability to elicit 5 minority stress themes in sexual minority participants. The 3 studies outline a model for the creation of new experimental stimuli in the sexual minority stress field and highlight the need for testing of new stimuli in numerous samples to establish validity. We also outline a method for evaluating open-response text from participants for minority stress content using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. These new tools will allow experimental researchers to elicit minority stress in sexual minority participants in a controlled experimental fashion, and in turn may inform future prevention and intervention efforts with this population. Public Significance StatementThis paper describes the development of a new research tool that can be used in experimental studies examining the effects of minority stress (e.g., discrimination) on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Using this tool, future researchers will be able to probe the causal dynamics underlying experiences of minority stress and ultimately better understand high rates of mental illness in the LGB community and develop targeted interventions.

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Disclosure through Face-to-Face and Instant Messaging Modalities: Psychological and Physiological Effects

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Expectations and Experiences of Couples Receiving Therapy Through Videoconferencing: A Qualitative Study

Expectations and Experiences of Couples Receiving Therapy Through Videoconferencing: A Qualitative Study

Computer-based written emotional disclosure: the effects of advance or real-time guidance and moderation by Big 5 personality traits

Manipulating minority stress: Validation of a novel film-based minority stress induction with lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.

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