Discoloration in Fire-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams

Levchik, Sergei V.; Luda, M. P.; Bracco, Pierangiola; Nada, P.; Costa, Luigi

doi:10.1177/0021955x05053523

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Mechanistic studies of the chemistry of scorch were performed at the University of Turin [98,99] under the sponsorship of Supresta. It was found that scorch is largely caused by the oxidation of aromatic amino groups which arise from the hydrolysis of isocyanate groups trapped in the PU network.…”

Section: Polyurethane (Pu) Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Recent Progress in Phosphorus-based Flame Retardants

Levchik¹,

Weil²

2006

Journal of Fire Sciences

555

363

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Recent patent and technical works indicate a growing interest in halogen-free solutions with the predominance of the literature focusing on phosphorus-based flame retardants. Patents published on the flame retardancy of polycarbonate and its blends significantly exceed the number of patents on flame retardancy of any other polymer. Bridged aromatic diphenyl phosphates, especially resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) have found broad application because of their good thermal stability, high efficiency, and low volatility. Another actively reported group of compounds are the metal salts of dialkylphosphonic acid as well as calcium hypophosphite, which have recently been found to be particularly effective in poly(butylene terephthalate) and polycarbonate. These products are synergistic with a number of phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, such as melamine salts, which seem to be very efficient and commercially useful in nylons. Printed wiring boards comprise the largest market for flame-retardant polymeric materials. Recently, there has been a strong interest in halogen free solutions in East Asia and Europe. A recent halogen-free introduction is the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, which can be reacted into epoxies. Another reactive product with some processing and property advantages is poly(m-phenylene methylphosphonate). Because of the banning of pentabromodiphenyl ether in Europe and voluntary withdrawal of this product from the market in the US, the polyurethane (PU) industry is searching for a more environmentally acceptable low-scorch alternative. Both halogenated and halogen-free solutions are being considered but the PU industry seems to have a preference for the halogen-free products, generally containing phosphorus.

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Section: Polyurethane (Pu) Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Recent Progress in Phosphorus-based Flame Retardants

Levchik¹,

Weil²

2006

Journal of Fire Sciences

555

363

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“…The incorporation of phosphorus is effective when its concentration is in the range of 1.0–1.5 wt % in the total formulation, and a further increase seems to produce no further benefit 74. However, scorch generation is the main problem in phosphorus‐modified fire‐retardant urethane foams 75–77. Ravey and Pearce50 incorporated phosphorus into a polyurethane foam formulation using H 3 PO4 (85%) in acetone, with the concentration ranging from 0.2 to 5.6%.…”

Section: Fire Retardancy Of Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition, combustion, toxicity, and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review

Singh

Jain

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

271

168

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This review provides insight into the ignition, combustion, smoke, toxicity, and fire-retardant performance of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams. This review also covers various additive and reactive fireretardant approaches adopted to render polyurethane foams fire-retardant. Literature sources are mostly technical publications, patents, and books published since 1961. It has been found by different workers that polyurethane foams are easily ignitable and highly flammable, support combustion, and burn quite rapidly. They are therefore required to be fire-retardant for different applications. Polyurethane foams during combustion produce a large quantity of vision-obscuring smoke. The toxicity of the combustion products is much higher than that of many other manmade polymers because of the high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. Polyurethane foams have been rendered fire-retardant by the incorporation of phosphorus-containing compounds, halogen-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing additives, silicone-containing products, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic additives. Some heat-resistant groups such as carbodiimide-, isocyanurate-, and nitrogencontaining heterocycles formed with polyurethane foams also render urethane foams fire-retardant. Fire-retardant additives reduce the flammability, smoke level, and toxicity of polyurethane foams with some degradation in other characteristics. It can be concluded that despite many significant attempts, no commercial solution to the fire retardancy of polyurethane foams without some loss of physical and mechanical properties is available.

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“…Catalysts play a vital role not only in the regulation and balance between the gelling and blowing reactions, but also in the optimization of the foam properties and the curing speed during the foam synthesis. Tertiary amines in combination with tin octoate are most widely used catalysts in the manufacture of polyurethane foams [18] [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Polyurethane Foam on the Insulation Characteristics of Mortar Pastes

Mahmoud¹,

Nasr²,

Maamoun³

2017

JMMCE

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Rigid polyurethane foam is found virtually everywhere in our modern world and is used in sound and thermal insulation applications such as refrigerators, insulated buildings, thermosets. Organometallic compounds are used as polyurethane catalysts since they are very highly selective towards the isocyanate-polyol reaction. Also, amine catalysts are used to balance both the gelling reaction and the gas-forming or foaming reaction responsible for foam formation. In this work, the effect of a tin octoate catalyst on the mechanical properties and morphology of polyurethane foam were investigated. Also, the thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficient for polyurethane foam mortar formulations were measured. The morphological properties of polyurethane foam were investigated using scanning electron microscope to determine the influence of varying the concentration of tin octoate. It was clear from the results that polyurethane foam has good thermal and sound insulation capabilities.

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Discoloration in Fire-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

A Review of Recent Progress in Phosphorus-based Flame Retardants

A Review of Recent Progress in Phosphorus-based Flame Retardants

Ignition, combustion, toxicity, and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review

The Influence of Polyurethane Foam on the Insulation Characteristics of Mortar Pastes

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