Discoloured and non‐conductive sapwood among six <i>Fagaceae</i> species inoculated with <i>Raffaelea quercivora</i>

Murata, Masaya; Yamada, Toshihiro; Matsuda, Yosuke; Ito, Shinichiro

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00480.x

Cited by 34 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…In most situations in which ambrosia and bark beetles are vectors, the pathogens cause moderate damage and relatively small lesions develop when trees are artificially inoculated (114,120,161). In nature, these interactions result in severe damage or tree death only after mass attacks by the vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Have Extreme Impacts;mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one of these diseases, laurel wilt, is clearly a systemic vascular wilt (51, 133). For most of these diseases, there is a more localized development of symptoms and tree and branch mortality depends on mass attack by the vectors and multiple infections by the symbionts (89,114,120,161).…”

Section: Ambrosia Beetle-associated Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These fungi usually colonize the lining or more substantial portions of natal galleries (14, 150), but typically do not cause disease. Thus, the phytopathogenicity of some of the symbionts is unexpected (51,89,114,120).When ambrosia beetle infestations are associated with serious damage, a wide range of interactions is evident. At one extreme are ambrosia beetles for which there is no clear involvement of the symbionts (6, 13, 99) (Table 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In these cases, the beetle alone is reported to cause significant damage on the host tree. In other situations, ambrosia beetle-associated damage relies on significant infestation by the insect and associated disease that is caused by moderately virulent symbionts (89,120,161). [In this article, "virulence" is used to denote the relative degree to which a pathogen affects a host (148).]…”

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confidence: 99%

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Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

et al. 2013

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Diseases that are associated with ambrosia and bark beetles comprise some of the most significant problems that have emerged on trees in the last century. They are caused by fungi in the Ophiostomatales, Microascales and Hypocreales, and have vectors in the Scolytinae (ambrosia and bark beetles), Platypodinae (ambrosia beetles) and Hylesininae (bark beetles) subfamilies of the Curculionidae (Coleoptera) (73,102,144). Some of these problems, such as Dutch elm disease (DED), have a long history, have been extensively researched, and are fairly well understood (23,56,70,113,149,168,169). In contrast, other similar diseases developed recently and are poorly or partially understood (2,3,42,51,73,89,94,98,114,127,137,154,158, 164,165). Significant data gaps may exist for the ecology, epidemiology and management of the latter diseases.The emergence and unexpected importance of these tree diseases are discussed in thisarticle. An underlying factor in most of these interactions is the absence of a coevolved history between the so-called "naïve" or "new encounter" host trees and the pathogens and/or beetles (27,128,174). For the ambrosia beetles, these interactions are associated with susceptibility to what are typically benign fungi and atypical relationships with healthy trees (ambrosia beetles favor trees that are dead or stressed). Interestingly, the pathogens for both the ambrosia and bark beetle-associated diseases often have symbiotic relationships with the insects that are not based on phytopathogenicity. Some of the most alarming and damaging of these diseases are considered below as "black swan events" (155).Black Swans. Before 1697, improbable events and situations in Europe were known as "black swans" (at the time, all swans known to Europeans were white) (134). In that year, the black swan, Cygnus atratus, was discovered in Western Australia (38). Thereafter, "black swan" developed as a metaphor for a supposed impossibility that is contradicted with new information.For example, John Stuart Mill used black swan logical fallacy when identifying falsification, a key component in the scientific method (68).In a recent book, Taleb (155) developed Black Swan Theory (BST). Unlike the "black swan" to which Mill referred (68), BST focuses on unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence (155). Taleb (155) recognized such events in diverse fields including finance, history, science and technology. He suggested that black swan events: 1) have extreme impacts; 2) lie outside the realm of regular expectations (they are rare); and 3) are unpredictable.Although all ambrosia and bark beetle-associated diseases are not black swan events, several do fulfill the above criteria since they have large impacts, are uncommon surprises and are unpredictable (2,3,51,56,73,89,94,98,114,137,154,158, 164,165) (Table 1). They are typically understood and appreciated only with the benefit of hindsight and subsequent research.The Beetles and Beetle-associated Tree Diseases. The order Coleoptera contains more species than any other or...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Have Extreme Impacts;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ambrosia Beetle-associated Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

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Whole‐tree sap flux in Quercus serrata trees after three levels of partial sapwood removal to simulate Japanese oak wilt

2016

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Plant transpiration plays a key role in the hydrological cycle in forested watersheds. Oak trees infested with Japanese oak wilt may show changes in transpiration even if they are still alive. However, to our knowledge, no study has shown changes in transpiration and its threshold for tree weakening. We hypothesized that whole‐tree sap flux would be reduced in surviving oak trunks owing to sapwood dysfunction; however, part of this reduction would be compensated by enhanced sap flux density (Fd) in the remaining functioning sapwood. To test this hypothesis, 25%, 50%, and 75% of sapwood was removed at breast height to simulate xylem dysfunction for nine Quercus serrata trees in a warm‐temperate secondary forest in Japan. Granier probes were used to measure the Fd of the treated and three control trees before and after the treatment. Even though tested trees were still alive until at least the end of the second growing season, external symptoms of weakening were detected in 75% treated trees. Analysis using a linear mixed model showed that whole‐tree sap flux was significantly reduced in all treatments. However, 25% and 50% treated trees showed significant Fd compensation, whereas 75% treated trees showed significantly smaller whole‐tree sap flux than the value expected from the treatment. These results suggest that the threshold of tree weakening lies between 50% and 75% of sapwood removal, above which the Fd compensation cannot be attained. Therefore, whole‐tree sap flux in infested but surviving trees varies with respect to the intensity of sapwood damage.

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Genetic characterization of Raffaelea quercivora isolates collected from areas of oak wilt in Japan

2010

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This study was undertaken to improve understanding of the phylogenetic position of pathogenic fungi implicated in the oak wilt in Japan. Sequences were obtained from three regions of partial nuclear ribosomal DNA of 25 isolates of Raffaelea quercivora including an ex-type strain, all of which were collected from seven areas of disease outbreak. All the isolates formed one clear clade with high bootstrap values, distinctly delimited from the closest species, R. montetyi. These results indicate that the R. quercivora is phylogenetically a well-defined taxon.

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Discoloured and non‐conductive sapwood among six Fagaceae species inoculated with Raffaelea quercivora

Cited by 34 publications

References 7 publications

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Whole‐tree sap flux in Quercus serrata trees after three levels of partial sapwood removal to simulate Japanese oak wilt

Genetic characterization of Raffaelea quercivora isolates collected from areas of oak wilt in Japan

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