“…At present, horizontal well technology combined with segmented multi-stage fracturing technology is commonly used worldwide to achieve efficient development of tight oil reservoirs (Jiang et al, 2017;Zhang, 2020;Guo et al, 2021;Zheng et al, 2021), and the recovery rate can be improved by increasing the stimulated reservoir volume. However, the fracture expansion of tight oil reservoirs is influenced by their own geological conditions with diverse situations (Zhao et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2017;Li et al, 2020;Peng et al, 2020), some reservoirs are strongly heterogeneity with positive and reverse rhythm in the vertical direction (Li et al, 2019a;Zhang et al, 2022b), and the two-phase or even three-phase seepage is superimposed on the influence of engineering factors on the development process (Ma et al, 2021;Shen et al, 2022), which makes the seepage mechanism and development law of tight reservoirs very complex (Zafar et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2021), and the dominant seepage channel is not clear (Li et al, 2019b). At present, the relevant research is still at the core scale (Jing et al, 2021)…”