Discovery and Early Uses of Iodine

Rosenfeld, Louis

doi:10.1021/ed077p984

Cited by 58 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Inadequate intake leads to iodine deficiency disorders (6), the most visible manifestation being the enlargement of the thyroid gland, called goiter, observed not only in man but also in animals (7). Although "iodine" itself was unknown, Chinese medical writings advocated treating goiter with seaweed and burnt sea-sponge, nearly 4 millennia ago (4). In 1831, Boussingault (8) discovered that goiter can be completely cured by administering naturally iodized water or minerals containing iodine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Dasgupta,

Liu,

Dyke

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

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Adequacy of iodine nutrition in the United States has lately been of concern. A major source of dietary iodine for the U.S. population is iodized salt. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends 60-100 mg KI/kg salt, equivalent to 46-76 mg I/kg salt. All U.S. iodized salt contains 45 mg I/kg according to labels. We collected samples of table salt from freshly opened containers from U.S. volunteers. A sample was sent to us when the can was first purchased. Subsets of volunteers sent further samples when the salt container became halfempty through normal use and a further final sample when the container was nearly finished. We also looked at iodine distribution homogeneity within individual containers, loss of iodine from salt upon exposure to humidity and sunlight, and upon short-term heating (dry and in solution) as may be encountered in cooking. Measurements were made in 0.01% w/v salt solutions by induction coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with 72 Ge as an internal standard. The median and mean ((sd) I content in freshly opened top-of-the-can salt samples was 44.1 and 47.5 ( 18.5 mg/kg (n ) 88, range 12.7-129 mg I/kg) and geometric mean and standard deviation of 44.70 and 1.41. Fortyseven of 88 samples fell below the USFDA recommended I content while 6 exceeded it. The homogeneity in a single can of salt varied greatly: in 5 samples taken from the same container from different depths, the iodine content varied by as little as 1.2× (8.3% coefficient of variance (CV)) to as much as 3.3× (49.3% CV) from one container/brand to another. Iodine is significantly lost upon high humidity storage but light or dry heat has little effect. There is much recent literature on iodine sufficiency and uptake inhibitors; there is also much misinformation and disinformation. We review the relevant literature and discuss our results with reference to the United States.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Dasgupta,

Liu,

Dyke

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

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“…It has been known for centuries that marine macroalgae concentrate iodine (Rosenfeld, 2000). Iodide uptake by bacterial cells was stimulated in the presence of glucose and O 2 , and the process was saturable (0.073 µM affinity constant; 0.55 pmol min -1 mg dry cells -1 maximum velocity) (Lin et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Accumulation and Speciation Of Iodine In Biological Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical Considerations Related To The Remediation Of I-129 Plumes

Kaplan

Yeager

Denham

et al. 2012

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“…algae ͉ Laminaria ͉ x-ray absorption spectroscopy ͉ cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry T he element iodine was first isolated from kelp ashes two centuries ago by Courtois in the context of the search for raw materials for explosives (chiefly potassium nitrate) during the Napoleonic Wars (1,2). Brown algal kelp species such as Laminaria digitata are the most effective known living iodine accumulators, with tissue concentrations often exceeding 50 mM (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of iodine for thyroid function is paramount (7). Long before the discovery of this element, the beneficial effect of iodine-rich seaweeds in treating goiter had been recognized initially in China and later in medieval Europe (2). In coastal regions, Laminariales are a major contributor to the iodine flux from the ocean to the atmosphere through the production of volatile halocarbons (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry

Küpper

Carpenter

McFiggans

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

332

354

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Brown algae of the Laminariales (kelps) are the strongest accumulators of iodine among living organisms. They represent a major pump in the global biogeochemical cycle of iodine and, in particular, the major source of iodocarbons in the coastal atmosphere. Nevertheless, the chemical state and biological significance of accumulated iodine have remained unknown to this date. Using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we show that the accumulated form is iodide, which readily scavenges a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We propose here that its biological role is that of an inorganic antioxidant, the first to be described in a living system. Upon oxidative stress, iodide is effluxed. On the thallus surface and in the apoplast, iodide detoxifies both aqueous oxidants and ozone, the latter resulting in the release of high levels of molecular iodine and the consequent formation of hygroscopic iodine oxides leading to particles, which are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei. In a complementary set of experiments using a heterologous system, iodide was found to effectively scavenge ROS in human blood cells.algae ͉ Laminaria ͉ x-ray absorption spectroscopy ͉ cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry

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Discovery and Early Uses of Iodine

Cited by 58 publications

References 10 publications

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Biogeochemical Considerations Related To The Remediation Of I-129 Plumes

Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry

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