Discovery and genesis of helium-rich geothermal fluids along the India–Asia continental convergent margin

Degassing of Mantle‐Derived Helium From Hot Springs Along the India‐Asia Continental Collision Settings: Origins, Migration Velocity and Flux

“…The entire dataset includes a total of 315 gas samples, of which 11 new data points in the Himalayas were collected in this study (Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2), and 304 data points in the southern Tibet and Himalayas were collected from the literature (Tables S1 and S2 in Supporting Information ; Yokoyama et al., 1999; Hoke et al., 2000; Newell et al., 2008; Klemperer et al., 2013; Zhang, Guo, et al., 2021; Zhang, Xu, et al., 2021; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2021; L. Zhang et al., 2017; M. Zhang et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2022; Klemperer et al., 2022; Hao et al., 2023).…”

“…As such, the calculated results based on the model are conservative. In addition, there is a fair degree of uncertainty due to the lack of consideration of mixing with other radiogenic 4 He‐rich fluids from the shallow crust in the model, which indeed occurs as mentioned above but is challenging to quantify (Hao et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2022).…”

“…3 He and 21 Ne isotopes were analyzed by an electron multiplier. Mass peaks of 40 Ar ++ and 44 CO 2 ++ were also monitored during Ne isotope analysis to correct for 40 Ar ++ and 44 CO 2 ++ interferences on 20 Ne and 22 Ne, respectively (Hao et al., 2023; Li et al., 2020; Ye et al., 2007). The interferences of 40 Ar ++ on 20 Ne and 44 CO 2 ++ on 22 Ne were insignificant, with corrections of <1%.…”

“…(b) The tectonic framework, lithology, and gas sample sites of the study area. The gas sample collection sites in this study and from the literature (Becker, 2006; Hao et al., 2023; Hoke et al., 2000; Klemperer et al., 2013, 2022; Marty et al., 1996; Newell et al., 2008; Sun et al., 2020; Walia et al., 2005; Yokoyama et al., 1999; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2021; L. Zhang et al., 2017; M. Zhang et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2022) are shown as yellow filled stars and red filled circles, respectively. Abbreviations: IYS, Indus‐Yarlung suture zone; BNS, Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone; JS, Jinsha suture zone; AMS, Anyimaqen‐Kunlun‐Muztagh suture zone; KKF, Karakoram fault; JLF, Jiali fault; CR, Comei rift; YGR, Yadong‐Gulu rift; PXR, Pumqu‐Xianza rift; TYR, Tangra Yum Co rift; LGR, Lunggar rift; YRR, Yari rift; MFT, Main frontal thrust; MBT, Main boundary thrust; MCT, Main central thrust; STD, Southern Tibet detachment system; LHS, Lesser Himalayan sequence; GHS, Greater Himalayan sequence; THS, Tethyan Himalayan sequence.…”

“…The widespread hot springs release large quantities of hydrothermal volatiles (e.g., He, CO 2 , N 2 ) (Hao et al., 2023; Liao, 2018; Wang et al., 2022). Numerous studies of hydrothermal volatiles have detected 3 He/ 4 He ratios >0.1 R A and suggest that mantle contributions are unequivocally present in the TP (Becker, 2006; Hao et al., 2023; Hoke et al., 2000; Klemperer et al., 2013, 2022; Marty et al., 1996; Newell et al., 2008; Sun et al., 2020; Walia et al., 2005; Yokoyama et al., 1999; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2021; L. Zhang et al., 2017; M. Zhang et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2022). However, due to the lack of recent volcanic activity (<8 Ma), there is a large controversy regarding the mantle‐derived He origin, that is, earlier magmatism, Quaternary mantle‐derived melt intrusion into the shallow crust (Hou & Li, 2004; M. Zhang et al., 2017), partial melting and degassing of carbonate‐enriched mantle induced by slab rollback (Zhao et al., 2022), and direct input from the asthenosphere (Klemperer et al., 2022).…”