Discovery of a novel nidovirus in cattle with respiratory disease

Tokarz, Rafal; Sameroff, Stephen; Hesse, Richard; Hause, Ben M.; Desai, Aaloki; Jain, Komal; Lipkin, W. Ian

doi:10.1099/vir.0.000166

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Though toroviruses mainly associate with enteric diseases, recent studies have shown that they can be both entero-and pneumotropic (31,55,56). New nidoviruses were recently identified in the lungs of cattle and wild shingleback lizards with pneumonia, though their direct association with disease has so far not been examined (31,37). We found MVNV-associated lesions almost exclusively in the airways and lungs, similar to previous reports on nidovirus infections in other python species (8,9,15).…”

Section: Fig 10supporting

confidence: 88%

“…6). Further, the python nidoviruses clustered together with shingleback nidovirus (GenBank accession number KX184715) (37), Xinzhou nematode virus 6 (GenBank accession number KX883637), Xinzhou toro-like virus (NCBI reference sequence accession number NC_033700), and bovine nidovirus (NCBI reference sequence accession number NC_027199) (31). Consistent with the previous reports, these form a clade that is separate from both the genus Bafinivirus and the genus Torovirus (Fig.…”

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confidence: 84%

Section: Fig 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nidovirus-Associated Proliferative Pneumonia in the Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis)

Dervas

Hepojoki

Laimbacher

et al. 2017

J Virol

117

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In 2014 we observed a noticeable increase in sudden deaths of green tree pythons (). Pathological examination revealed accumulation of mucoid material within airways and lung, associated with enlargement of the entire lung. We performed full necropsy and histological examination on 12 affected green tree pythons from 7 different breeders to characterise the pathogenesis of this "mucinous" pneumonia. By histology we could show a marked hyperplasia of the airway epithelium and of faveolar type II pneumocytes. Since routine microbiological tests failed to identify a causative agent, we studied lung samples of a few diseased snakes by next-generation sequencing (NGS). From the NGS data we could assemble a piece of RNA genome <85% identical to nidoviruses previously identified in ball pythons and Indian pythons. We then employed RT-PCR to demonstrate the presence of the novel nidovirus in all diseased snakes. To attempt virus isolation, we established primary cell cultures of liver and brain, which we inoculated with lung homogenates of infected individuals. Ultrastructural examination of concentrated cell culture supernatants showed the presence of nidovirus particles, and subsequent NGS analysis yielded the full genome of the novel virus, Morelia viridis nidovirus (MVNV). We then generated an antibody against MVNV nucleoprotein, which we used alongside RNA hybridisation to demonstrate viral antigen and RNA in the affected lungs. This suggests that in natural infection MVNV damages the respiratory tract epithelium which then results in epithelial hyperplasia, most likely as an exaggerated regenerative attempt in association with increased epithelial turnover. Fairly recently novel nidoviruses associated with severe respiratory disease were identified in ball pythons and Indian pythons. Herein we report isolation and identification of a further nidovirus from green tree pythons () with fatal pneumonia. We thoroughly characterize the pathological changes in the infected individuals, and show that nidovirus infection is associated with marked epithelial proliferation in the respiratory tract. We speculate that this and the associated excess mucus production can lead to the animals' death, by inhibitingthe normal gas exchange in the lung. The virus was predominantly detected in the respiratory tract, which renders transmission via the respiratory route likely. Nidoviruses cause sudden outbreaks with high mortality in breeding collections, most affected snakes die without prior clinical signs. These findings, together with those of other groups, indicate that nidoviruses are a likely cause of severe pneumonia in pythons.

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confidence: 88%

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confidence: 84%

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Nidovirus-Associated Proliferative Pneumonia in the Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis)

Dervas

Hepojoki

Laimbacher

et al. 2017

J Virol

117

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“…The order nidovirales compromises divergent virus families with notable human and animal pathogens like for example severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [13]. The snake nidoviruses were assigned to the family coronaviridae in the subfamily torovirinae that covers two genera: torovirus and bafinivirus infecting mammals and fish, respectively [14][15][16][17]. The reptile nidoviruses cluster together in a monophyletic clade and a new genus for these unassigned viruses was proposed: barnivirus (bacilliform reptile nidovirus) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations into the presence of nidoviruses in pythons

Blahak

Jenckel

Höper

et al. 2020

Virol J

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Background: Pneumonia and stomatitis represent severe and often fatal diseases in different captive snakes. Apart from bacterial infections, paramyxo-, adeno-, reo-and arenaviruses cause these diseases. In 2014, new viruses emerged as the cause of pneumonia in pythons. In a few publications, nidoviruses have been reported in association with pneumonia in ball pythons and a tiger python. The viruses were found using new sequencing methods from the organ tissue of dead animals.Methods: Severe pneumonia and stomatitis resulted in a high mortality rate in a captive breeding collection of green tree pythons. Unbiased deep sequencing lead to the detection of nidoviral sequences. A developed RT-qPCR was used to confirm the metagenome results and to determine the importance of this virus. A total of 1554 different boid snakes, including animals suffering from respiratory diseases as well as healthy controls, were screened for nidoviruses. Furthermore, in addition to two full-length sequences, partial sequences were generated from different snake species. Results: The assembled full-length snake nidovirus genomes share only an overall genome sequence identity of less than 66.9% to other published snake nidoviruses and new partial sequences vary between 99.89 and 79.4%. Highest viral loads were detected in lung samples. The snake nidovirus was not only present in diseased animals, but also in snakes showing no typical clinical signs.Conclusions: Our findings further highlight the possible importance of snake nidoviruses in respiratory diseases and proof multiple circulating strains with varying disease potential. Nidovirus detection in clinical healthy individuals might represent testing during the incubation period or reconvalescence. Our investigations show new aspects of nidovirus infections in pythons. Nidoviruses should be included in routine diagnostic workup of diseased reptiles.

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“…This order previously contained four family-level groups, the Coronaviridae which infect birds and mammals including humans, the Arteriviridae which infect non-human mammals, the Mesoniviridae which infect arthropods, and the Roniviridae which infect crustaceans (Lauber et al, 2013). However, recent papers (Lauck et al, 2015;O'Dea et al, 2016;Saberi et al, 2018;Shi et al, 2018Shi et al, , 2016Tokarz et al, 2015;Vasilakis et al, 2014;Wahl-Jensen et al, 2016) and our results (see below) have added to within-family diversity and revealed several highly divergent nido-like viruses which the Nidovirales Study Group proposed, pending ICTV ratification, to form four new virus families within the Nidovirales (Gorbalenya et al, 2017a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description and initial characterization of metatranscriptomic nidovirus-like genomes from the proposed new family Abyssoviridae, and from a sister group to the Coronavirinae, the proposed genus Alphaletovirus

et al. 2018

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Transcriptomics has the potential to discover new RNA virus genomes by sequencing total intracellular RNA pools. In this study, we have searched publicly available transcriptomes for sequences similar to viruses of the Nidovirales order. We report two potential nidovirus genomes, a highly divergent 35.9 kb likely complete genome from the California sea hare Aplysia californica, which we assign to a nidovirus named Aplysia abyssovirus 1 (AAbV), and a coronavirus-like 22.3 kb partial genome from the ornamented pygmy frog Microhyla fissipes, which we assign to a nidovirus named Microhyla alphaletovirus 1 (MLeV). AAbV was shown to encode a functional main proteinase, and a translational readthrough signal. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that AAbV represents a new family, proposed here as Abyssoviridae. MLeV represents a sister group to the other known coronaviruses. The importance of MLeV and AAbV for understanding nidovirus evolution, and the origin of terrestrial nidoviruses are discussed.

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Discovery of a novel nidovirus in cattle with respiratory disease

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Nidovirus-Associated Proliferative Pneumonia in the Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis)

Nidovirus-Associated Proliferative Pneumonia in the Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis)

Investigations into the presence of nidoviruses in pythons

Description and initial characterization of metatranscriptomic nidovirus-like genomes from the proposed new family Abyssoviridae, and from a sister group to the Coronavirinae, the proposed genus Alphaletovirus

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