Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ

Pilhofer, Martin; Aistleitner, Karin; Biboy, Jacob; Gray, Joe; Kuru, Erkin; Hall, Edward; Brun, Yves V.; VanNieuwenhze, Michael S.; Vollmer, Waldemar; Horn, Matthias; Jensen, Grant J.

doi:10.1038/ncomms3856

Cited by 126 publications

(137 citation statements)

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“…Until recently, it was thought that Chlamydiales were lacking peptidoglycan and their partial sensitivity to cell wall inhibitors such as penicillin was therefore not understood and considered as a paradox called the Chlamydiales anomaly. However, the presence of peptidoglycan was recently demonstrated in some members of the Chlamydiales, namely C. trachomatis, in which they were present as a ring structure at the division septum (Liechti et al, 2014) and P. amoebophila, which synthesizes sacculi that contain a modified form of peptidoglycan (Pilhofer et al, 2013). Additionally, a recent work identified two peptidoglycan-remodeling enzymes (the AmiA amidase and the NlpD endopeptidase) implicated in coordinated cell wall constriction during division.…”

Section: Cell Wall and Surface Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hsia et al first suggested the existence of a type III secretion system in Chlamydia (Hsia et al, 1997), which was likely present in the Chlamydiales common ancestor given its presence in every genome sequenced so far (Bertelli et al, , 2010Greub et al, 2009;Horn et al, 2004;Hovis et al, 2013;Stephens et al, 1998), as summarized in Table 1. The T3SS appears as a needle inserted in the inner and outer membranes of the bacterium, which protrudes into the cytoplasm of the cell through the inclusion membrane (Pilhofer et al, 2013). Although, the structure of the T3SS is highly conserved among Chlamydiales, effectors secreted through this system largely vary among families and genera (Collingro et al, 2011).…”

Section: Secretion Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…jjStrain 2032/99 does not have a plasmid. # (Aistleitner, 2015;Birkelund et al, 2009;Frandi et al, 2014;Jacquier et al, 2014;Kebbi-Beghdadi et al, 2015;Liechti et al, 2014;Pilhofer et al, 2014Pilhofer et al, , 2013. **Putative Pom encoded in the genome, but not isolated at the membrane.…”

Section: Cell Wall and Surface Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simkania negevensis, an insight into the biology and clinical importance of a novel member of the Chlamydiales order

Vouga

Baud

Greub

2016

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

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Simkania negevensis is a Chlamydia-related bacterium discovered in 1993 and represents the founding member of the Simkaniaceae family within the Chlamydiales order. As other Chlamydiales, it is an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by a biphasic developmental cycle. Its similarities with the pathogenic Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae make it an interesting bacterium. So far, little is known about its biology, but S. negevensis harbors various microbiological characteristics of interest, including a strong association of the Simkania-containing vacuole with the ER and the presence of an intron in the 23S rRNA encoding gene. Evidence of human exposition has been reported worldwide. However, there is a lack of robust clinical studies evaluating its implication in human diseases; current data suggest an association with pneumonia and bronchiolitis making S. negevensis a potential emerging pathogen. Owing to its fastidious growth requirements, the clinical relevance of S. negevensis is probably underestimated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on S. negevensis and explore future research challenges. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Cell Wall and Surface Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Secretion Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simkania negevensis, an insight into the biology and clinical importance of a novel member of the Chlamydiales order

Vouga

Baud

Greub

2016

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

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“…Although the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia has all the genes required for peptidoglycan biosynthesis and exhibits susceptibility to antibiotics that target this process, attempts to detect peptidoglycan in Chlamydia have been unsuccessful (McCoy and Maurelli, 2006). However, recently, a metabolic cell wall-labeling method using click chemistry showed the existence of peptidoglycan in Chlamydia (Pilhofer et al, 2013;Liechti et al, 2014). This in vivo peptidoglycan-labeling method used a DA-DA dipeptide analog probe modified with an alkyne functional group, ethynyl-DA-DA (EDA-DA) (Liechti et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moss Chloroplasts Are Surrounded by a Peptidoglycan Wall Containing D-Amino Acids

et al. 2016

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It is believed that the plastids in green plants lost peptidoglycan (i.e., a bacterial cell wall-containing D-amino acids) during their evolution from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium. Although wall-like structures could not be detected in the plastids of green plants, the moss Physcomitrella patens has the genes required to generate peptidoglycan (Mur genes), and knocking out these genes causes defects in chloroplast division. Here, we generated P. patens knockout lines (ΔPp-ddl) for a homolog of the bacterial peptidoglycan-synthetic gene encoding D-Ala:D-Ala ligase. ΔPp-ddl had a macrochloroplast phenotype, similar to other Mur knockout lines. The addition of D-Ala-D-Ala (DA-DA) to the medium suppressed the appearance of giant chloroplasts in ΔPp-ddl, but the addition of L-Ala-L-Ala (LA-LA), DA-LA, LA-DA, or D-Ala did not. Recently, a metabolic method for labeling bacterial peptidoglycan was established using ethynyl-DA-DA (EDA-DA) and click chemistry to attach an azidemodified fluorophore to the ethynyl group. The ΔPp-ddl line complemented with EDA-DA showed that moss chloroplasts are completely surrounded by peptidoglycan. Our findings strongly suggest that the moss plastids have a peptidoglycan wall containing D-amino acids. By contrast, no plastid phenotypes were observed in the T-DNA tagged ddl mutant lines of Arabidopsis thaliana.

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“…In many bacteria, MreB is associated primarily with cell elongation and FtsZ is associated with cell division. However, these functional generalizations are probably oversimplified for bacteria as a whole, as the roles of MreB and FtsZ can overlap (11)(12)(13)(14) and even be completely reversed (15)(16)(17). MreB and FtsZ are hypothesized to act as scaffolds, directing sites of new PG synthesis and old PG turnover (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism Shapes the Cell

Sperber

Herman

2017

J Bacteriol

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More than 5 decades of work support the idea that cell envelope synthesis, including the inward growth of cell division, is tightly coordinated with DNA replication and protein synthesis through central metabolism. Remarkably, no unifying model exists to account for how these fundamentally disparate processes are functionally coupled. Recent studies demonstrate that proteins involved in carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism can moonlight as direct regulators of cell division, coordinate cell division and DNA replication, and even suppress defects in DNA replication. In this minireview, we focus on studies illustrating the intimate link between metabolism and regulation of peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis during growth and division, and we identify the following three recurring themes. (i) Nutrient availability, not growth rate, is the primary determinant of cell size. (ii) The degree of gluconeogenic flux is likely to have a profound impact on the metabolites available for cell envelope synthesis, so growth medium selection is a critical consideration when designing and interpreting experiments related to morphogenesis. (iii) Perturbations in pathways relying on commonly shared and limiting metabolites, like undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P), can lead to pleotropic phenotypes in unrelated pathways.KEYWORDS FtsZ, MreB, UDP-glucose, cell division, gluconeogenesis, metabolism, morphogenesis, peptidoglycan, phosphoenolpyruvate, undecaprenyl phosphate T o accurately partition chromosomes and other cell contents during reproduction, cells must possess mechanisms to organize repeated cycles of cell growth, chromosome replication, and division. Eukaryotes orchestrate this coordination using the cell cycle and separate growth, DNA synthesis, and cytokinesis into distinct, temporally sequestered phases. Bacteria, by contrast, simultaneously increase in cell size and replicate DNA before (or concurrently with) cell division. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms prokaryotes employ to achieve spatiotemporal organization of these intertwined yet functionally disparate processes is of considerable interest to scientists seeking to understand bacterial reproduction, and many outstanding questions remain to be answered. For example, how is DNA replication kept in sync with changing growth and division rates? How are cell dimensions maintained or actively rearranged in response to environmental or developmental cues? What signals do cells sense to switch between increasing in cell size and dividing during the cell cycle? Relatedly, how are these signals transduced to activate/deactivate the distinct machineries required for each process?Perhaps one of the biggest mysteries remaining in bacterial cell biology relates to understanding the regulatory cross talk that must occur to integrate central metabolism with macromolecular biosynthesis. Nutrients are converted into stored energy and precursors used to synthesize macromolecules like DNA and peptidoglycan (PG), so it is no surprise that nutrient availability has a profound impac...

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Discovery of chlamydial peptidoglycan reveals bacteria with murein sacculi but without FtsZ

Cited by 126 publications

References 55 publications

Simkania negevensis, an insight into the biology and clinical importance of a novel member of the Chlamydiales order

Simkania negevensis, an insight into the biology and clinical importance of a novel member of the Chlamydiales order

Moss Chloroplasts Are Surrounded by a Peptidoglycan Wall Containing D-Amino Acids

Metabolism Shapes the Cell

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