Discovery of the Avon - Solent Fracture Zone and its relationship to Bath hot springs

Kellaway, G. A.

doi:10.1007/s002540050076

Cited by 6 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In an alternative to the Mendips Model, Kellaway (1996) suggested that the hot springs are located on an Avon-Solent Fracture Zone, a deep-seated NW-SE trending structure that crosses the Avon Valley at Bath, and that this was the conduit by which hot water escapes to the surface at the springs without significant heat loss. None of the local faults known from geological mapping and mining has been specifically linked to the hot springs, and seismic-reflection surveys carried out in the area adjacent to the springs did not detect any additional structures that might be related to them (McCann et al 2002).…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of the hot springs at Bath Spa, UK

Gallois¹

2007

Geol. Mag.

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The hot springs that emerge at 46ºC in the centre of Bath Spa, Somerset are unique in the UK. The four other thermal springs in Britain are also sourced in the Carboniferous Limestone, but they emerge at significantly lower temperatures (20° to 28ºC). Bath is situated in a region of low geothermal gradient (c 20°C/km depth) in a geological setting that seems an unlikely place for hot springs. Why then are these the only hot springs in Britain, and why are they confined to such a small (20 x 80 m) area?The explanation presented here involves a sequence of geological events involving Triassic dissolution and Pleistocene permafrost that is unique to central Bath.92 Stoke Valley Rd.,

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Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of the hot springs at Bath Spa, UK

Gallois¹

2007

Geol. Mag.

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“…A bright orange muddy residue, possibly caused by bacteria, detritus and iron hydroxide precipitates form a thick layer (~2-3 cm), between the mats and stone surfaces. In addition to iron, the spring water contains high concentrations of calcium, sulphate, sodium and chloride (Kellaway, 1991). There are also visible mineral deposits, which form dependant on water agitation, cooling and oxygenation (Kellaway, 1991).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to iron, the spring water contains high concentrations of calcium, sulphate, sodium and chloride (Kellaway, 1991). There are also visible mineral deposits, which form dependant on water agitation, cooling and oxygenation (Kellaway, 1991). Water analyses of the Great Bath (GB) and Kings Bath (KB) show that the abiotic conditions in the baths have remained stable since records began in 1874 (see Additional file 1: Table S2, for full water analysis).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some of these nutrients are in large excess which in turn can cause stress to algal cells. Calcium, sodium and chloride levels are much higher than standard media used for culturing these groups of algae (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2006) and iron levels are much higher in the baths than most freshwater sources (Kellaway, 1991). In many aquatic environments iron is a limiting nutrient for productivity, yet in the baths it is at a similar concentration to most growth media.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Tom Byrne). Excavation of the Baths began in 1878 and have remained open to the elements for the last 130 years (Kellaway, 1991). Since thermotolerance is attractive for biofuel production we set out to bioprospect the hot waters of the Roman Baths for microalgal strains with an ability to produce lipids for biodiesel production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioprospecting the thermal waters of the Roman baths: isolation of oleaginous species and analysis of the FAME profile for biodiesel production

et al. 2013

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The extensive diversity of microalgae provides an opportunity to undertake bioprospecting for species possessing features suited to commercial scale cultivation. The outdoor cultivation of microalgae is subject to extreme temperature fluctuations; temperature tolerant microalgae would help mitigate this problem. The waters of the Roman Baths, which have a temperature range between 39°C and 46°C, were sampled for microalgae. A total of 3 green algae, 1 diatom and 4 cyanobacterial species were successfully isolated into ‘unialgal’ culture. Four isolates were filamentous, which could prove advantageous for low energy dewatering of cultures using filtration.Lipid content, profiles and growth rates of the isolates were examined at temperatures of 20, 30, 40°C, with and without nitrogen starvation and compared against the oil producing green algal species, Chlorella emersonii. Some isolates synthesized high levels of lipids, however, all were most productive at temperatures lower than those of the Roman Baths. The eukaryotic algae accumulated a range of saturated and polyunsaturated FAMEs and all isolates generally showed higher lipid accumulation under nitrogen deficient conditions (Klebsormidium sp. increasing from 1.9% to 16.0% and Hantzschia sp. from 31.9 to 40.5%). The cyanobacteria typically accumulated a narrower range of FAMEs that were mostly saturated, but were capable of accumulating a larger quantity of lipid as a proportion of dry weight (M. laminosus, 37.8% fully saturated FAMEs). The maximum productivity of all the isolates was not determined in the current work and will require further effort to optimise key variables such as light intensity and media composition.

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Lithological description and provenancing of a collection of bluestones from excavations at Stonehenge by William Hawley in 1924 with implications for the human versus ice transport debate of the monument's bluestone megaliths

et al. 2023

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A rhyolite boulder collected by R. S. Newall in 1924 from an excavation at Stonehenge has been pivotal to arguments concerning glacial versus human transport of the bluestones to Stonehenge. Initial studies suggested that the boulder came from north Wales, and hence was a probable glacial erratic. New petrographic and geochemical analyses however support it being from Craig Rhos‐y‐Felin in west Wales, the source of much debitage recovered from Stonehenge. Examination of the form and surface features of the boulder provides no evidence for it being erratic. Instead, it is considered to be one more piece of debitage probably derived from a broken‐up monolith.

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Discovery of the Avon - Solent Fracture Zone and its relationship to Bath hot springs

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

The formation of the hot springs at Bath Spa, UK

The formation of the hot springs at Bath Spa, UK

Bioprospecting the thermal waters of the Roman baths: isolation of oleaginous species and analysis of the FAME profile for biodiesel production

Lithological description and provenancing of a collection of bluestones from excavations at Stonehenge by William Hawley in 1924 with implications for the human versus ice transport debate of the monument's bluestone megaliths

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