Discovery of the Metal Trace Elements in Natural Gas and Its Ecological Environment Significance

Duo-yi, Wang; Mei-zhou, Deng; Liu, Yinghan; Ya-wei, Liu; Xing-yun, LI; Lu, Riyu

doi:10.1016/s1872-5791(09)60012-9

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Natural gas can contain many trace metals; the majority of these entrained elements exist as nanoparticles, which can be removed by mechanical filtration. 46 Elemental mercury, however, remains in the gas phase and can be directly measured concurrently with the hydrocarbons in natural gas. As an illustration, Figure 4 shows two chromatograms simultaneously collected at 248 nm for C and 254 nm for Hg for a sample of 6.3 μg/m 3 Hg 0 in natural gas directed to the AED.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strength of AED lies in its ability to simultaneously determine the atomic emissions of different elements in those analytes eluted from the column. Natural gas can contain many trace metals; the majority of these entrained elements exist as nanoparticles, which can be removed by mechanical filtration . Elemental mercury, however, remains in the gas phase and can be directly measured concurrently with the hydrocarbons in natural gas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Measurement of Elemental Mercury Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography with Microwave-Induced Helium Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Gras

Luong

Shellie³

2018

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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Microwave-induced helium plasma atomic emission spectroscopy permits direct measurement of picogram levels of elemental mercury in various matrices when combined with multidimensional gas chromatography. Two columns with different stationary phases provide excellent separation for elemental mercury, and multidimensional analysis improves the reliability, performance, and system cleanliness of atomic emission detection. The possibility of false positive identification is substantially eliminated, and excellent sensitivity for the target compound was attained with the use of two selective columns and atomic emission detection at 254 nm. A flame ionization detector was incorporated as part of the system configuration to increase analytical platform capability and flexibility. Elemental mercury was measured in gas matrices over a range of 0.1–170 μg/m3 having a correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.9995, a precision of less than 5% relative standard deviation (n = 10), and a measured recovery exceeding 99% in natural gas as a model matrix. The total analysis time is less than 10 min. Only a small 1 mL sample volume is needed, and the described approach does not rely on any form of sample enrichment. The utility of multidimensional gas chromatography with microwave-induced helium plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is demonstrated with challenging industrial applications, such as the measurement of elemental mercury in natural gas, industrial solvents, and vapor generated from ruptured compact fluorescent light bulbs.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Measurement of Elemental Mercury Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography with Microwave-Induced Helium Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Gras

Luong

Shellie³

2018

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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“…These specifications ensure high quality gas for combustion but are also essential to prevent damage to facilities and protect consumer health. However, studies have revealed the presence of arsenic compounds, mercury and other metals/metalloids in natural gas from different origins at very low concentrations ranging from 10 −1 to 10 3 µg/m 3 [6][7][8][9][10][11]. These elements have well-known risks and potentially can cause industrial damage, such as through corrosion or catalytic poisoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Particles in Natural Gas from a Transportation Network: A Chemical Composition Study

et al. 2019

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This paper aims to provide the elemental composition of particles found in natural gas. Particle sampling is performed on cellulose filters obtained from an industrial gas storage facility, and the qualitative particle composition is determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Our results establish that natural gas may contain solid particles, with sizes ranging from less than 1 μm to more than 50 μm. The observed particles are composed of numerous elements, such as aluminum (Al), silica (Si), sulphur (S), chloride (Cl), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), manganese (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), potassium (K), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), silver (Ag), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), and barium (Ba), with relative occurrences ranging from 1 to 85%. Moreover, metallic elements enable the formation of larger particles as a result of the agglomeration of smaller particles.

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“…With this process, the absorption efficiency was 40%. 16 Duoyi and co-workers used two other techniques at atmospheric pressure: air extracting collection and adsorption collection, 9 which enabled the successful trapping and identification of 49 and 51 compounds, respectively. Because few investigations were conducted for natural gas sampling, we searched for other techniques in the literature for metal trapping in similar matrices, such as fumes, biogas, and air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a High-Pressure Bubbling Sampler for Trace Element Quantification in Natural Gas

et al. 2017

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A high-pressure bubbling sampler has been developed to trap and preconcentrate metals and metalloids from natural gas. This high-pressure sampler was designed to work at pressures up to 100 bar and be directly plugged into distribution and transportation networks. It consists of three vials in series, which contain 50 mL of metal trapping solution and the gas flows at the network pressure with a flow rate up to 40 L/min. The trapping solutions for mercury and other metals are permanganate/ sulfuric acid or nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide according to standards EN 13211 and EN 14385. The sampler design, development, and validation steps are presented in this work. First, the trapping vials were tested in the laboratory, where argon gas was spiked with mercury at two different pressures that represented the distribution and transportation networks. The results show that more than 96% of the metal was trapped from the gas phase into the solution for both tested pressures. Moreover, more than 90% of the trapped metal was found in the first vial, which shows the good efficiency of the traps. Finally, the highpressure bubbling sampler was tested in three field campaigns of natural gas sampling from a transportation network at 60 bar. Each sampling was performed for 5 days with a flow rate of 20 L/min, which makes a total volume of 140 Nm 3 of sampled gas. The gas flowed through three vials of 50 mL, which makes a final preconcentration factor of 3 × 10 6 . The trapping solutions were analyzed for trace metal concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations were 10 −1 ng/ Nm 3 for barium, from 10 −1 to 5 ng/Nm 3 for tin, from 0.9 to 10 ng/Nm 3 for arsenic and copper, and from 1 to 10 1 ng/Nm 3 for aluminum, selenium, and zinc. The efficiency of the traps and the low measured concentrations make this high-pressure bubbling sampler a useful tool for trace element analyses in natural gas.

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Discovery of the Metal Trace Elements in Natural Gas and Its Ecological Environment Significance

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Direct Measurement of Elemental Mercury Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography with Microwave-Induced Helium Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Direct Measurement of Elemental Mercury Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography with Microwave-Induced Helium Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Solid Particles in Natural Gas from a Transportation Network: A Chemical Composition Study

Development of a High-Pressure Bubbling Sampler for Trace Element Quantification in Natural Gas

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